Research process

A brief introduction to the research process for the student and teacher nurses. Please refer the books for details of the topic nursing research. kindly visit and subscribed my YouTube channel ' Bhuman '. Thank You !!

1. Research process Mr. Sushil Sudarshan Humane MSN, RN

2. Introduction Research process starts with the problem or a question and ends with the answer to the question It is a sequential process The steps in quantitative and qualitative research are not the same

3. Research process in quantitative research

4. Formulating research problem It is a foremost step of nursing research It must be clearly defined and understood It is generally starts with a broad topic and later it is narrowed down to a specific topic example: morning sickness symptoms of antenatal mother –morning sickness symptoms during first trimester of antenatal mothers. Features:- originality, solvability and feasibility

5. Dimensions of research problem Substantiative dimension:-clinically or theoretically important Methodological dimension:- best possible way to study this problem Practical dimension:-adequate resources available to conduct the study Ethical dimension:- respect the rights of the research subjects

6. Determining the study objectives Clear direction to the research Must be defined by the researcher prior It provide guidelines to the research Objectives can be general and specific

7. Review of literature It is a summary of previous knowledge generated on the topic It act as a knowledge base for the current study The sources:- books, journal, research paper, unpublished thesis, newspaper, magazines Skills required:- critical thinking, brainstorming, reading, comprehending, analysis, synthesizing, summarizing

8. Developing conceptual framework A conceptual framework illustrate what you expect to find in the research study. It provide meaning to the research problem

9. Formulating hypothesis/Assumptions Hypothesis: a statement may or may not be true but researcher assume it as a answer to the question. It helps to identify the outcome of the study. It can either be accepted or rejected depending upon the evidence produced by the researcher Assumptions:- a statements that somehow consider to be true before get tested. These are the general beliefs of the people which have not necessarily been proven

10. Selecting research approach/design Research design is a systematic plan to obtain answer to the question It involve the all information regarding the plan of the research There are three basic research approach: Experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental. Each of the type is further divided into subtypes. Experimental:-control group and randomization Quasi-experimental:- either control group or randomization Non-experimental:- without manipulation in natural setting

11. Specifying the population Population is a group of all research subjects with the specific characteristics Population helps the researcher to identify the area of interest

12. Developing tool for data collection It is a device that help the researcher to collect objective data regarding the population. The tool can be depends upon the factors such as research design, variables, subject researcher expertise, available sources and time of the study. The tool and be existing one or can be developed by the researcher The newly develop tool can be used after establishing it validity and reliability. The tool can be structured or semistructured

13. Establishing ethical considerations as the nursing research’s are related to human beings so need to consider the ethical issues. To resolve these issues researcher need to: Take informed consent form the participant Avoiding error in data Obtained permission form the authority to conduct study Doing justice to participant in analyzing data Maintain confidentiality of the information and anonymity of subject

14. Conducting pilot study It is a small scale rehearsal on the 10% of the research subjects The subjects are not the actual part of the study It is conducted to ensure the feasibility of the research design and the tool used in the study

15. Sample selection The sample is a small part of the research subjects that represent the population The samples can be selected by the probability or non-probability sampling technique. Sample selection can be depends upon the many factors such as, nature of the study, availability of time, money resources, and researchers knowledge regarding the study population.

16. Data collection It is a direct or indirect interaction with the samples of the study The collection of the data can be done by using tool of the study It is most time consuming part of the study There are different methods of the data collection involves interviewing, questioning, observation

17. Prepare data for analysis Careful checking of the every tool for completeness and its coding in the excel sheet The code must be specify the only single piece of information

18. Analysis and interpretation The orderly and sequential data is analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Data can be analysed by using manual calculations or by the software programme like statistical program for social sciences(SPSS) The data can be presented through tables, graphs, charts

19. Disseminating the research findings The research findings must be disseminated through the proper channels It is communicated through writing the research thesis, article, or presenting an oral research report at scientific professional conferences.

20. Qualitative research process Mr. Sushil Humane MSN, RN

21. Research process in qualitative research

22. Identification of research problem area A broad area is identified and general objectives are set Initially the researcher have less and understanding and knowledge regarding the research area Because of this the formal plan cant be set in the qualitative research

23. Formulating broad study objectives It act as a guidelines to conduct the study. It can be modified based on the research need

24. Review of literature The literature review is important in qualitative research for gaining the previous knowledge of the study subject It may produce bias in the interpretation of the data

25. Entry in the research setting The prior permission is taken from the authority and entry in research setting ‘Key informants’

26. Selecting research approach/design Common designs:- Ethnographic study, phenomenology, grounded theory, case study, historical research, action research etc. ethnographic research:- cultural aspects of groups Phenomenology:- description of experiences of people Grounded-theory:- Case study:- in-depth examination of people, objective, or institutions Historical:-identifying, locating, evaluating, and synthesizing data from the past Action research:- leaning experiences

27. Selecting a small sample Generally small set of sample i.e 10-15 subjected were used No defined rules for number of samples in qualitative study

28. Establishing ethical considerations More intimate relationship may form between researcher and participant. Take informed consent form the participant Avoiding error in data Obtained permission form the authority to conduct study Doing justice to participant in analyzing data Maintain confidentiality of the information and anonymity of subject

29. Planning tool for data collection Generally semi-structured or unstructured tool is used for the data collection Usually the items are open ended The methods used:- tape recording, focus group interview, photograph, reflective journals, field notes, transcript, cumulative diaries, etc.

30. Collecting data Common methods:- interview and observation Common skills:- rapport building and confidence establishment

31. Organizing data for analysis Organizing the data using techniques:- Listing Categorizing Comparing Laddering

32. Analysis and interpretation of data It start with data collection and go alongside Focus is on words rather than numbers Analysis can be done by descriptive coding, indexing, narrations, integrative diagrams, thematic analysis, etc.

33. Disseminating the research findings The research findings must be disseminated through the proper channels It is communicated through writing the research thesis, article, or presenting an oral research report at scientific professional conferences.

34. References Suresh k. sharma . nursing research and statistics. 2 nd edition. Polit , D.F. &  Beck , C.T. (2017).  Nursing research : Generating and assessing evidence for  nursing  practice .