RESEARCH PROCESS.ppt

All research endeavors share a common goal of furthering our understanding of the problem and thus all share certain basic stages forming a process called the research process.

1. RESEARCH PROCESS
Identifying the problem;
Reviewing of literature;
Setting research questions,
objectives, and hypothesis;
Choosing the study design;
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
1
Allresearchendeavorsshareacommongoaloffurthering
ourunderstandingoftheproblemandthusallshare
certainbasicstagesformingaprocesscalledresearch
process.Thesestagesinvolvedintheresearchprocessare
asfollows:
Deciding on the sample
design;
Collecting data;
Processing and analyzing
data;
Writing the report.

2. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
2
Thefollowingschematicdiagramdemonstratesthe
researchprocesswitheightmostimportantstages:
Figure 3.1: Schematic diagram displaying stages of research process

3. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
3
ProblemIdentification:
1.Research problem and
2.Non-Research problem
Therearetwokindsofprobleminthecontextof
research:

4. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
4
2.Non-researchProblem:
a.Anon-researchproblemisonethatdoesnot
requireanyresearchtoarriveatasolution.
b.Anon-researchableproblemconsistsofvague
detailsandcannotberesolvedthroughresearch.
c.Itisamanagerialorbuilt-inproblemthatmaybe
solvedattheadministrativeormanagementlevel.
d.Theanswertoanyquestionraisedinanon-
researchsettingisalmostalwaysobvious.

5. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
5
2.Non-researchProblem:
Herearesomeoftheproblemswefrequently
encounter,whichmaywellbeconsideredasnon-
researchproblems:
a.Rises in price of warm cloths during winter;
b.Preferring admission in public universities over private
universities;
c.Crisis of accommodations in sea resorts during summer
d.Traffic jam in the city street after office hours;
e.High sales in department stores after an offer of
discount

6. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
6
1. Research Problem:
Aresearchproblemisaperceiveddifficulty,afeelingofdiscomfortora
discrepancybetweenthecommonbeliefandthereality.
AsnotedbyFisheretal.(1993),aproblemwillqualifyasapotentialresearch
problemwhenthefollowingthreeconditionsexist:
a.Thereshouldbeaperceiveddiscrepancybetween“whatitis”and
“whatitshouldhavebeen”.Thisimpliesthatthereshouldbea
differencebetween“whatactuallyexists”andthe“idealorplanned
situation”;
b.Aquestionabout“why”thediscrepancyexists.Thisimpliesthatthe
reason(s)forthisdiscrepancyisuncleartotheresearcher(sothatit
makessensetodeveloparesearchquestion);and
c.Thereshouldbeatleasttwopossibleanswersorsolutionstothe
questionsorproblems.

7. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
7
1. Research Problem:
Thethirdpointisimportant.Ifthereisonlyonepossible
andplausibleanswertothequestionaboutthe
discrepancy,thenaresearchsituationdoesnotexist.Itisa
non-researchproblemthatcanbetackledatthe
managerialoradministrativelevel.

8. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
8
Literature Review
Weenumeratethefollowingargumentsinfavorofreviewingliterature:
1.Itavoidsduplicationoftheworkthathasbeendoneintherecentpast
2.Ithelpstheresearchertofindoutwhatothershavelearnedandreportedonthe
problem.
3.Ithelpstheresearchertobecomefamiliarwiththetypesofmethodologyfollowedby
others.
4.Ithelpstheresearchertounderstandwhatconceptsandtheoriesarerelevanttohis
areaofinvestigation.
5.Ithelpstheresearchertounderstandifthereareanysignificantcontroversies,
contradictionandinconsistenciesinfindings.
6.Itallowstheresearchertounderstandifthereisanyunansweredresearchquestions.
7.Itmighthelptheresearchertodevelopananalyticalframework.
8.Itwillhelptheresearchertoconsidertheinclusionofvariablesinhisresearchthathe
mightnototherwisehavethoughtabout.

9. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
9
Objectives and Hypotheses
Anobjectivewillpreciselysaywhatshouldberesearched,so
astodelineatethetypeofinformationthatshouldbe
collectedandprovideaframeworkforthescopeofthestudy.
Thebestexpressionofaresearchobjectiveisawell-
formulated,testableresearchhypothesis.
Ahypothesisisanunprovenstatementorpropositionthat
canberefutedorsupportedbyempiricaldata.Hypothetical
statementsassertpossibleanswertoaresearchquestion.

10. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
10
Research Design
There are four basic research designs that a researcher can use to
conduct his or her study:
a.Survey,
b.Experiment,
c.Secondary data study
d.Observational study.
The type of research design to be chosen from among the above four
designs depends primarily on four factors:
a.The type of problem
b.The objectives of the study,
c.The existing state of knowledge about the problem that is being studied,
and
d.The resources available for the study.

11. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
11
Sample Design
Sampledesignreferstothemethodstobefollowedinselectingsamplefromthe
populationandtheestimatingtechnique,vis-à-visformulaforcomputingthe
samplestatistics.
Asampleisapartofthepopulation,carefullyselectedtorepresentthat
population.
Sampleisoftwotypes:
a.Probabilitysample
b.Non-probabilitysample

12. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
12
Sample Design
Thebasicquestionisthen,howtoselectasample?Themostwidelyused
probabilitysamplingmethodsare
I.Simplerandomsampling,
II.Stratified randomsampling,
III.Clustersamplingand
IV.Systematic sampling.

13. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
13
Data Collection
Withthevariationinthetypeofdata(qualitativeorquantitative)tobecollected,
themethodofdatacollectionalsovaries.
Themostcommonmeansforcollectingquantitativedataisthestructured
interview.Studiesthatobtaindatabyinterviewingrespondentsarecalled
surveys.Datacanalsobecollectedbyusingself-administeredquestionnaires.
Telephoneinterviewingisanotherwayinwhichdatamaybecollected.Wewill
discussthesemethodsingreatdetailslater.
Othermeansofdatacollectionincludetheuseofsecondarysources,suchasthe
census,vitalregistrationrecords,officialdocuments,previoussurveysetc.
Qualitativedataarecollectedmainlythroughin-depthinterviews,focusgroup
discussions,andobservationalstudies.Wehavediscussedvariousmethodsof
datacollectionatlengthinaseparatechapterinthistext.

14. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
14
Data Processing And Data Analysis
Dataprocessinggenerallybeginswitheditingandcodingofdata.Dataanalysis
usuallyinvolvesreducingaccumulateddatatoamanageablesize,developing
summaries,searchingforpatterns,andapplyingstatisticaltechniquesfor
understandingandinterpretingthefindingsinthelightoftheresearchquestions..

15. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
15
Research Proposal
Theentiretaskofaresearchstudyisaccumulatedinadocumentcalledproposal.
Aresearchproposalisaworkplan,prospectus,outline,anoffer,astatementof
intentorcommitmentfromanindividualresearcheroranorganizationtoproduce
aproductorrenderaservicetoapotentialclientorsponsor.Theproposalwillbe
preparedkeepinginviewthesequencepresentedintheresearchprocess.The
proposaltellsuswhat,how,where,andtowhomitwillbedone.

16. RESEARCH PROCESS
6/14/2022
Research Process (Presented by-M.
Nurul Islam, Ph. D, Former Professor,
Department of Statistics, University of
Dhaka)
16
Report Writing and Dissemination Of Results
Thestyleandorganizationofthereportwilldifferaccordingtothe
targetaudience,theoccasion,andthepurposeoftheresearch.Reports
shouldbedevelopedfromtheclient’sperspectives.Areportisan
excellentmeansthathelpstoestablishtheresearcher’scredibility.Ata
bareminimum,aresearchreportshouldcontainsectionson:
a.An executive summary;
b.Background of the problem;
c.Literature review;
d.Methodology;
e.Findings;
f.Discussion;
g.Conclusions and
h.Recommendations.