Research Project Presentation by Anmol pandey

On solar system

1. RESEARCH
PROJECT Presented by Anmol pandey

2. Solar SystemOVERVIEW

3. RESEARCH
This research is on Solar system and the missions that are send to space for more
knowledge so you can get information by reading it it is made up by Me

4. Solar System -enrrgy and astronomy
Comprehensive Analysis of Solar Systems: Astronomical Exploration and Terrestrial
Energy PolicyI. Executive Summary: The Dual Domains of Solar SystemsThe term
"solar system" encompasses two vastly different yet fundamentally interconnected
domains: the astronomical structure of our local stellar environment and the terrestrial
engineered systems designed to harness solar energy (photovoltaics or PV). This
report provides an exhaustive analysis of both domains, highlighting the critical
advancements, policy drivers, and scientific frontiers currently defining them.In the
terrestrial sphere, the Indian residential solar market is undergoing a period of
accelerated growth driven by comprehensive government policies. The PM Surya Ghar
Muft Bijli Yojana has successfully synthesized technological advancements—such as
high-efficiency N-type photovoltaic modules and sophisticated inverters—with
substantial Central Financial Assistance (CFA). This strategic subsidy mechanism
significantly reduces the total cost of ownership (TCO) for homeowners, particularly in
high-growth states like Bihar, ensuring rapid adoption and progress toward ambitious
national renewable energy targets.Concurrently, the astronomical study of the Solar
System is advancing through sophisticated robotic missions. Recent and planned
exploration efforts prioritize understanding the system's formation, defining its external
boundaries, and assessing astrobiological potential. Flagship missions such as ISRO’s
Aditya-L1 continuously monitor solar dynamics, while NASA’s Europa Clipper is poised
to conduct a detailed investigation into Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa, seeking evidence of
the necessary conditions to support life in its subsurface ocean. Comparative
planetology, informed by the discovery of thousands of exoplanets, continues to
challenge the unique characteristics of our own system, particularly regarding the
absence of Super-Earths and Hot Jupiters.II. Terrestrial Solar Systems: PV Technology,
Policy, and Market Dynamics (Indian Residential Focus)2.1. Foundational History and
Technological Evolution of PhotovoltaicsThe ability to convert sunlight directly into
electricity stems from foundational scientific discoveries made in the 19th and early
20th centuries. The initial physical principle, the photovoltaic effect in selenium, was
discovered by Willoughby Smith in 1873. This led to the construction of the first
selenium solar cell in 1877 by William G. Adams and Richard E. Day, which was
subsequently detailed by Charles Fritts in 1883.However, the transition from academic
curiosity to a scalable energy technology required a shift in material science. The
invention of the Czochralski method for producing monocrystalline silicon in 1918 by
Polish scientist Jan Czochralski proved decisive. This technique allowed for the
creation of stable, efficient semiconductor materials, leading to the construction of the
first silicon monocrystalline solar cell in 1941. The ability to produce silicon with high
structural integrity was the foundational technological step that enabled the eventual

5. industrialization and cost-effectiveness required for modern PV systems, subsequently
allowing for early applications in the space race (e.g., the 470 W Nimbus space project
in 1964) and large-scale terrestrial projects, such as a 3.5 kW system set up by NASA
LeRC in 1978 for water pumping and household power in an American Indian
reservation.Modern System Architecture ComparisonModern PV systems are
categorized by their grid interaction capabilities, each presenting distinct trade-offs in
complexity, cost, and functionality: * Grid-Tied (On-Grid) Systems: These are the most
common and cost-effective for urban and suburban environments, utilizing net
metering to export excess energy back to the utility grid. Typical international costs
range between $8,000 and $26,000 before federal incentives. In the United States,
utilizing the 30% federal Residential Clean Energy Credit can significantly reduce the
net cost; for example, a 6 kW system might cost around $10,500 to $12,600 after the
credit. * Hybrid Systems: These integrate batteries and smart inverters, providing both
grid connection and backup power during outages. The addition of storage increases
complexity and cost, with typical expenses ranging from $15,000 to $35,000,
depending heavily on the required battery size. * Off-Grid Systems: These systems are
entirely independent of the utility grid, requiring large battery banks, backup
generators, and extensive wiring, making them the most expensive solution. Costs can
range from $25,000 to $67,000 internationally.2.2. Policy and Subsidy Mechanisms in
the Indian Residential MarketIndia's strategy for achieving its ambitious renewable
energy target of 24,000 MW by 2030 is heavily reliant on policy instruments designed
to accelerate residential adoption. The primary vehicle for this expansion is the PM
Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana, which strategically replaced and subsumed the earlier
Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Phase II Programme. The financial continuity is
maintained by initially drawing Central Financial Assistance (CFA) disbursements from
the Phase II budget, which carried an outlay of Rs 11,814 crores.The policy employs a
highly structured, tiered subsidy model intended to achieve both widespread volume
and equitable access, making solar power highly attractive across various consumption
levels.Central Financial Assistance (CFA) StructureThe subsidy is calculated based on
system size, emphasizing proportional support for smaller installations: * Systems up to
2 kW: The beneficiary receives ₹30,000 per kW. A 2 kW system thus qualifies for a
₹60,000 subsidy. * 3 kW System: This size receives a fixed subsidy amount of ₹78,000.
* Systems between 3 kW and 10 kW: These systems receive the fixed ₹78,000 for the
first 3 kW, plus an additional ₹18,000 for every kilowatt installed above the 3 kW
threshold. For instance, a maximum 10 kW residential system could receive a total
subsidy of ₹204,000 (₹78,000 + (7 kW \times ₹18,000)).This differentiated structure
ensures that while mid-to-large systems receive significant absolute assistance, the
smallest systems—which cater to households with lower consumption profiles—receive
the highest proportional support relative to the total capital cost. This strategic subsidy

6. design maximizes the attractiveness of basic grid-tied systems to lower-income
segments, which is essential for reaching the 24,000 MW national goal.All residential
systems qualifying for the subsidy must be on-grid systems, and installation must be
carried out by vendors registered with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE). Applications are processed via the central portal, pmsuryaghar.gov.in, with
the Bihar Renewable Energy Development Agency (BREDA) serving as the State
Nodal Agency.2.3. Economic Viability and Cost Assessment (Focus: Bihar State)The
implementation of the PM Surya Ghar scheme has had a dramatic effect on the
economic viability of residential solar projects in states like Bihar. System costs are
generally variable, depending on factors such as brand, component quality, and
installation specifics. However, the central subsidy provides a powerful mechanism to
accelerate the simple payback period.For example, a typical 5 kW rooftop system in
Bihar costs approximately ₹3.5 lakh to ₹4.0 lakh before the subsidy is applied. After
receiving the applicable subsidy (up to ₹114,000), the net payment required by the
beneficiary is reduced significantly to between ₹2.5 lakh and ₹2.8 lakh. Such a system
can generate monthly savings of ₹4,000 to ₹5,000 on electricity bills. If the net cost is
around ₹2.6 lakh and the annual savings are ₹60,000, the simple payback period is
reduced to approximately 4.3 years. This exceptional rate of return serves as the
primary non-policy incentive driving rapid consumer adoption and fundamentally de-
risking the long-term investment for the homeowner.For comparison, general pricing
data suggests a 1 kW solar system averages between INR 45,000 to INR 80,000
before subsidies are factored in.Table: Residential Rooftop Solar Cost and Subsidy
Structure in Bihar (2025 Estimate)| System Size (kW) | Estimated Price Before Subsidy
(₹ Lakh) | Maximum Central Subsidy (₹) | Estimated Net Beneficiary Cost (₹ Lakh) |
Monthly Savings (Estimate) ||---|---|---|---|---|| 2 | 1.40 – 1.60 | 60,000 | 0.80 – 1.00 |
Data not specified, inferred moderate || 3 | 2.10 – 2.40 | 78,000 | 1.32 – 1.62 | Data not
specified, inferred high || 5 | 3.50 – 4.00 | 114,000 | 2.36 – 2.86 | ₹4,000–₹5,000 || 10 |
7.00 – 8.00 | 204,000 | 4.96 – 5.96 | Data not specified, inferred very high |2.4. Deep
Dive into PV Components and System ReliabilityThe total cost of ownership (TCO) for
a residential solar system is determined not just by the initial price but by the expected
performance and component longevity over the system's operational lifetime, typically
25 to 30 years.PV Module TechnologyThe Indian market is rapidly embracing
advanced photovoltaic technology to maximize energy yield under challenging
environmental conditions (high heat, monsoons, and dust). High-efficiency
Monocrystalline and advanced cell structures are now standard. Leading
manufacturers offer modules based on N-type TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated
Contact) or HJT (Heterojunction Technology), often in bifacial configurations (glass-
glass) which can generate power from both sides. For instance, Navitas N-type
TOPCon half-cut bifacial modules achieve efficiencies exceeding 22%, while Vikram

7. Solar's bifacial glass-glass Paradea series achieves 21.73%. This technological
evolution toward N-type and bifacial modules represents a necessary shift away from
older P-type technologies, as the higher efficiencies are essential for optimizing power
generation in power-dense residential settings and mitigating performance degradation
caused by high ambient temperatures.Solar panels themselves are highly robust, built
to last 25 to 30 years while retaining at least 80% of their initial rated efficiency.Inverter
Efficiency and LifespanInverters are the electrical heart of any PV system, converting
the panels' direct current (DC) output into usable alternating current (AC). Their
conversion efficiency directly impacts the system's final energy yield. Modern, high-
quality inverters typically range between 95% and 98% efficiency, with certain high-end
models, such as the SMA Sunny Tripower, achieving maximum efficiencies of 98.6%.
An efficiency rating above 97% is generally considered excellent for residential string
inverters.A crucial consideration for the TCO calculation is the disparity in component
lifespans. While the panels endure for decades, string inverters—the most common
and cost-effective type—typically last only 8 to 12 years. Hybrid inverters may last 10
to 15 years, and microinverters may reach 15 to 20 years. This means that a
homeowner must financially anticipate replacing the string inverter at least once, or
potentially twice, over the 30-year operational life of the panels. This necessary
scheduled replacement introduces a secondary cost that extends the true break-even
point beyond the simple payback period calculated solely on initial subsidy and monthly
savings, but also provides an opportunity for technological upgrades during the
system’s lifetime. Batteries, used in hybrid and off-grid systems, have an even shorter
lifespan of 5 to 15 years, making them the component requiring the most frequent
replacement and care.Maintenance requirements are generally low, with high-quality
panels designed to withstand regional weather conditions. Annual maintenance costs
are modest, estimated to be around ₹1,000–₹2,000 per kW of system capacity,
covering cleaning (often achievable by the homeowner) and professional annual
service checks.2.5. Installation Infrastructure and Vendor Ecosystem (Patna Case
Study)The regulatory requirement that only MNRE-registered vendors install
subsidized residential systems establishes a baseline for quality assurance. This
framework supports the development of a localized installation ecosystem capable of
handling complex rooftop installations and compliance procedures.In Patna, Bihar, the
installation market is mature, featuring numerous active solar EPC (Engineering,
Procurement, and Construction) contractors. Companies such as Narayana Solar,
Aditya Solar Solutions, Rudra Solar, and Greenali Solar are listed as active installers,
frequently offering comprehensive solutions that include battery storage. This density
of service providers indicates a thriving competitive environment.The policy’s emphasis
on decentralized residential installation has served as a key economic multiplier. While
major utility-scale projects are handled by national corporations, the residential

8. segment necessitates a strong network of local firms proficient in site surveys,
municipal permissions, and specific rooftop complexities. Highly rated local contractors,
including MN Energy & Infra Pvt Ltd and Neovolt Solar Energy Pvt Ltd, demonstrate
the market's focus on service quality and customer satisfaction. This localization of the
solar supply chain is a fundamental economic benefit derived directly from the national
policy structure.III. Astronomical Solar System: Architecture, Exploration, and
Comparative Planetology3.1. Defining the Solar System: Structure and
ClassificationThe Solar System is defined by its gravitational architecture centered on
the Sun. The modern understanding of celestial classification evolved significantly after
Nicolaus Copernicus established the heliocentric model, moving past earlier models
that classified the Sun and Moon as "wanderers". The official criteria for a planet were
formalized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2006, requiring a body to
orbit the Sun, be massive enough to be spherical, and have cleared its orbital path.
Bodies that fail the last criterion, such as Pluto, are classified as dwarf
planets.Astronomically, the Solar System is divided into two principal regions based on
composition and location : * Inner Solar System: This region is home to the four inner
(terrestrial) planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—and the myriad bodies forming
the Asteroid Belt. * Outer Solar System: This region contains the four outer (Jovian)
giant planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—along with the objects
populating the Kuiper Belt.The Great Planetary DichotomyThe fundamental differences
in the physical properties of the inner and outer planets are a direct consequence of
the temperature gradient within the protoplanetary disk from which the planets formed.|
Feature | Inner Planets (Terrestrial) | Outer Planets (Jovian/Gas Giants) | Causal Factor
||---|---|---|---|| Examples | Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars | Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune | Positional Formation || Composition | Rock and metal | Hydrogen, Helium,
Ices, and Liquids | Formation beyond the primordial snow line  || Orbital Period |
Shorter orbits | Longer orbits | Kepler's Laws/Distance from Sun || Rotational Speed |
Slower spin rates | Faster spin rates | Accretion Dynamics || Rings and Moons | No
rings, few natural satellites | Rings present, numerous moons | Massive gravity/Capture
Dynamics  |The terrestrial planets are small and dense, composed of rock and metal.
They possess insufficient gravity to retain very light gases like hydrogen and helium
against solar radiation and heating, causing these gases to dissipate into space.
Conversely, the outer planets are extremely massive, having formed beyond the ‘snow
line’ where water and other volatiles condensed into ice. This accumulation of volatile
ices allowed them to attain enough mass and gravity to capture and retain the
abundant hydrogen and helium that constituted most of the primordial nebula,
classifying them as gas giants.3.2. Epochal Missions and Future Exploration Pipeline
(2025-2035)The exploration of the Solar System relies on sophisticated missions that
have fundamentally reshaped planetary science.Legacy Missions and Transformative

9. DiscoveriesEarlier missions established crucial precedents and discoveries: * Galileo
(1989–2003): This was the first NASA spacecraft to orbit Jupiter. Key scientific
contributions included observing the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter,
finding that Io's volcanic activity is possibly 100 times greater than that on Earth, and
collecting data suggesting the existence of a subsurface saltwater ocean beneath
Europa’s ice crust. The mission was intentionally destroyed by plunging into Jupiter in
2003 to prevent any possibility of terrestrial microbial contamination of Europa,
highlighting the stringent planetary protection protocols governing targets of high
astrobiological interest. * Cassini-Huygens (1997–2017): The first robotic mission to
orbit Saturn, Cassini delivered the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Huygens probe,
which achieved the first landing on a moon in the outer solar system (Titan). The
mission revolutionized understanding of the Saturnian system, discovering icy plumes
on Enceladus—which confirmed a global ocean likely featuring hydrothermal activity on
the seafloor—and mapping liquid methane seas on Titan.Current Solar Dynamics and
the 2025 Launch WindowMonitoring the Sun and its dynamic relationship with Earth is
a current scientific priority: * Aditya-L1 (ISRO): Launched in September 2023, this is
India's first dedicated solar observatory. Positioned in a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth
Lagrange Point 1 (L1), it provides continuous, unobstructed observations of the Sun’s
photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. Instruments like PAPA (Plasma Analyzer
Package for Aditya) study the solar wind composition, while HEL1OS (High Energy L1
Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer) observes dynamic events in the solar corona and
estimates the energy involved in particle acceleration during solar flares. * Missions
Launching in 2025: Several key missions are scheduled for launch or reaching
milestones in 2025:   * The NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) Earth-
observing satellite, a joint mission between NASA and ISRO, is planned for launch
around July 30th, 2025.
   * The TRACERS mission, launched July 23, 2025, is dedicated to studying magnetic
reconnection, a phenomenon where solar activity disrupts Earth's magnetic field,
helping scientists prepare for space weather effects.   * The IMAP (Interstellar Mapping
and Acceleration Probe) mission, launching September 24th, 2025, will investigate the
boundary of the heliosphere, the massive magnetic bubble created by the Sun that
protects our solar system from the interstellar medium.Future Deep Space Exploration
TargetsThe exploration pipeline targets diverse celestial bodies, including metal-rich
asteroids and the highly anticipated "Ocean Worlds": * Europa Clipper: Launched in
2024, this mission is focused on Europa, with its first science campaign scheduled to
begin in May 2031, involving approximately 50 close flybys, sometimes as low as 16
miles (25 kilometers) above the surface. The mission is designed to orbit Jupiter and

10. perform repeated close passes of Europa, mitigating exposure to Jupiter’s intense
radiation environment by housing critical electronics in a titanium and aluminum
radiation vault. * Psyche: This mission is scheduled to arrive in August 2029 at the
metal-rich asteroid of the same name, a unique target believed to be the exposed core
of an ancient planetesimal. * VERITAS and DAVINCI: These will be the first NASA
spacecraft to explore Venus since the 1990s, with VERITAS planned to launch no
earlier than 2031.Table: Key Solar System Exploration Pipeline (2023-2031)| Mission
Name | Agency | Launch Year | Target/Objective | Key Scientific Rationale ||---|---|---|---
|---|| Aditya-L1 | ISRO | 2023 | Sun (L1 Orbit)

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