Research proposal for the title livestock and food security Document from Tayyab Dab🍂

Research proposal for livestock and food security

1. PRESENTATION PROPOSAL
•TOPIC:
LIVESTOCK AND FOOD SECURITY
NAME: ABDUL SALAM
SECTION: 02
GROUP: 03
ROLL NO. 386-2312-149

2. LIVESTOCK AND FOOD
SECURITY
•Livestock play important roles in farming systems in
developing countries, helping provide food and income,
draught power, fertilizer and soil conditioner,
household energy and a means of disposing of otherwise
unwanted crop residues.
It is a major industry:
12 percent of the world's population depends
solely on livestock for its livelihood.

3. LIVESTOCK FOR FOOD
•LIVESTOCK make an important contribution to the
food supplies of developing countries. Furthermore,
production of Livestock products is increasing fast.
• Over the past 20 years, cereal production in developing
countries has increased by 78 percent and fish
production by 113 percent while meat production has
risen by 127 percent and egg production by 331 percent.
The fastest increases in meat production have been for
poultry and pigs.

4. LIVESTOCK FOR FOOD:
•Even so, many people in developing countries cannot afford
animal products, as a result of which per caput consumption
of meat is only 17.7 kg/year. compared to 81.6 kg/year in
developed countries. About 60 percent of dietary protein is
from animal products in developed countries, compared to
only 22 percent in developing countries. There is, therefore,
substantial room for expansion of livestock production.

5. CONT...
•Further expansion of livestock production could raise problems
in developing countries (see overleaf), but it is also true that
animal products offer several advantages over crops. For
example:
•Meat and milk can be produced year-round, being less seasonal
than cereals, fruit and vegetables;
•Animals, particularly small ones, can be slaughtered as the need
arises, for food or income; and
•Both milk and meat can be preserved - milk as clarified butter,
curd or cheese, and meat by drying, curing, smoking and salting

6. INCOME AND ECONOMY:
•LIVESTOCK play an important role in the economy, both at the farm and
national levels. For the farmer, they provide
•Liquid assets;
•A hedge against inflation;
•A means of reducing the risks associated with crops, when used
in mixed farming systems;
•A source of extra income (rabbits, poultry and pigs) for landless
households;

7. CONT..
•A source of regular income from sales of milk and meat;
•A source of sporadic income from the sale of live animals,
hides, wool and meat;
•Draught power, transport and breeding services, for the
farmer himself and to rent out; and
•Opportunities to increase employment through on- and off
-farm processing.

8. CONT..
•At the national level, increased production of livestock
products will reduce the need for high-cost imports. With
the reduction of milk subsidies in developed countries and
the establishment of more realistic exchange rates, it is
an appropriate time for an expansion of local dairy
industries.

9. Does Livestock Development Harm The
Environment?
Livestock development is often questioned on environmental
grounds Common criticisms include:
Demand for pasture causes deforestation - this has occurred in
South America but it results from vested interest rather than
livestock production itself.
Overgrazing in semi-arid areas destroys vegetation and leads to
desertification - also true, at least in Africa where millions of
pastoralists depend for their survival on livestock; damage could
be lessened by providing better support for sustainable

10. CONT...
pastoralism in areas where crop production would be impossible
or very risky. Note: due to soil and climate many areas are only
suited to grazing. In fact, permanent pasture is the most
widespread land use, occupying 3.4 billion hectares.
•OVERSTOCKING of pastures leads to soil erosion - not
necessarily, since livestock can be grazed on fodder trees and
hedgerows, or stall-fed, in which case they provide valuable
manure for soil enrichment and conditioning
•Ruminant production leads to the production of the greenhouse
gas methane - true, but the amounts are small and can be
reduced by balanced diets

11. CONT..
•LIVESTOCK consume cereals that would be better fed directly
to humans - not necessarily; most of the cereals fed to livestock
are in developed countries, and the rural poor in developing
countries could not afford to buy such 'surplus' cereals anyway;
• Furthermore, livestock can be fed alternatives such as urea-
treated straw, molasses, chopped sugarcane; in fact, livestock can
be an important means of converting other unusable
vegetation.and crop by-products into high value milk and meat

12. LIVESTOCK FOR SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURE
•MIXED FARMING systems that include livestock have
many advantages over 'crops-only' agriculture. Mixed systems
produce a bigger range of products, reduce risks and can be more
productive than systems that rely exclusively on either
crops or animals.
One key advantage of mixed systems is that livestock can be fed
on crop residues and other products that would otherwise pose a
major waste disposal problem. For example, livestock can be fed
straw, damaged fruit and grains, household wastes, catering
wastes in urban areas, canning and juicing residues, and fish
processing wastes.

13. CONT...
•Integration of livestock and crops allows nutrients to be recycled
more efficiently on the farm. Manure is itself a valuable fertilizer,
containing 8 kg of nitrogen, 4 kg of phosphorus and 16 kg of
potassium to the tonne. Adding manure to the soil not only
fertilizes it but also improves its structure and water retention.
•Where livestock are used to graze the vegetation under
plantations of coconut, oil palm and rubber, as in Malaysia, the
cost of weed control can be dramatically reduced, sometimes by
as much as 40 percent. In Colombia sheep are sometimes used
to control weeds in sugarcane.

14. BOOSTING LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
•LIVESTOCK is a neglected sub-sector; "funding for
• livestock projects has declined dramatically since 1974. One
reason is that intensive livestock production in developed
countries is seen as 'grain-hungry' end polluting.
•However, livestock production in developing countries need not
result in either effect; in fact, some livestock projects have been
highly successful - witness the Beef Fattening Project in China
that used cereal straw treated with urea to feed beef cattle and
Operation Flood that helped establish a modern dairy industry in
India.

15. CONT...
•If the world's livestock potential is to be properly realized,
• it is important that:
•Public policy facilitate fair commodity prices and favour better
use of local resources;
•People participate in the formation of policies for the
management of common land and rangeland;
•Care be taken to use alternative feeds that do not compete with
human food;
•Increased funds and other resources be devoted to livestock
development, particularly for small farmers.