research report.docx

seminar on research report

1. B.P. KOIRALA INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
COLLEGE OF NURSING
DHARAN ,SUNSARI , NEPAL




Seminar on Writing Research Report

Submitted To: Submitted By:
Rambha Sigdel Sapana Dahal
Asst.Prof M.Sc.Nursing 1st year
CoN, BPKIHS Community Health Nursing
CoN, BPKIHS

Submitted on : 7/26/2022

2. Contents
 Format for the text or main body of the report
 CHAPTER I .Introduction
 CHAPTER II. Review of Literature
 CHAPTER III. Methodology
 CHAPTER IV. Findings
 CHAPTER V. Discussion
 CHAPTER VI. Summary, Conclusion
,Implication , Limitation and Recommendation
 References

3. Unit –IX
Writing Research Report
Format for the Text or Main Body of Report
The basic guidelines for preparing the main body of report /thesis are as follows:
 The text or body of the report should be divided into chapters,
sections and sub sections.
 Each chapter must begin on a new page.
 Each chapter should be numbered with either Arabic or Roman
numerals according to the instructions given.
 Each chapter must have a suitable title.
 The chapters can further be divided into sections and sections into sub
sections each with a heading.
 Each heading should be brief, yet informative, a statement rather than
a question.

The text of the report/ thesis contains the chapters in the following order:
 CHAPTER I. Introduction
 CHAPTER II. Review of Literature
 CHAPTER III. Methodology
 CHAPTER IV. Findings
 CHAPTER V. Discussion
 CHAPTER VI. Conclusions and Recommendation

 CHAPTER I .Introduction (background of the study)
The text of the report/thesis begins with “introduction”. The contents of the
sections/subsections to be included in the “Introduction” depend on the nature and
the type of the study. It should describe the background of the study, existing
problems , status of previous efforts to solve it, research objectives, assumptions
and hypothesis and logic behind approach and how the findings contribute to the
body of knowledge. It includes:

4. 1.1 Introductory paragraphs (Background)
It is generally 2-5 pages. Chapter 1 must include a few paragraphs about the
background of the study, statement of the problem and purpose of the study.
The primary goal of the introductory paragraphs is to attract the attention of
the readers and to get them interested in the subject. It sets the stage for the
paper and places the topic in perspective. The introduction often contains
dramatic and general statements about the need for the study. When writing
the introduction, the authors must think from readers’ perspective- that is
would target audience continue reading the text after the first chapter?

1.2 Significance or need of the study
It lays the foundation on which the research study is based. It explains the way in
which the study relates to the larger issues and uses a persuasive rationale to justify
study. It makes the purpose worth pursuing. The significance of the study answers
the questions.
-why is the study important?
-To whom is it important?
-What is the benefit of carrying out the study?

1.3 Research problem/questions
This section includes the statement of the research problems or research questions.
For example: ‘A descriptive study on prevalence of pin site infection among
patients with external skeletal fixation admitted in trauma ward of Teaching
Hospital, Kathmandu’.

1.4 Objectives of the study
It includes the statements of the action and outcome which the researcher wants to
achieve during the research activity such as:
- To assess the prevalence of pin site infection among patients with
external skeletal fixation.

5. - To determine the relationship of pin site infection with selected
biophysiological characteristics of the patients with external fixation.
1.5 Research Question
A research question is an inquiry that the research aims to answer .This often
addresses an issue or a problem, which through analysis and interpretation of data
is answered in the study’s conclusion.

1.6 Operational definitions
This section involves the operationally defined terms used in the research study in
the manner, where researcher is going to study the variables.
1.7 Research Variables
It includes the brief description of the constructs and all measures which needs to
be operationalised.

1.8 Conceptual framework
It involves the description and diagrammatic presentation of the conceptual
framework developed for the research study.

CHAPTER II.Review of Literature
This chapter is important because it shows what previous researchers have
explored and discovered about the phenomenon under the study. It is usually quite
long and primarily depends upon how much research has previously been done in
the area researchers are planning to investigate .If the researcher is planning to
explore a relatively new area, the literature review should cite similar areas of
study or studies that leap up to the current research. It is one of the key elements
that proposal readers look at when deciding whether or not to approve a proposal.

6. CHAPTER III: Methodology
It describes how the study was conducted with adequate information for readers to
critique. It is probably the most important part of the research project. The success
or the failure of a research project largely depends on the methodology used. The
methodology to be adopted in conducting research should be consistent to the
objective ,scope and the conceptual framework of the study. It should provide a
clear description of subjects ,procedures including tools and techniques of data
analysis. It includes the following:
3.1 Design of the research study
3.2 Study setting
3.3 Target population
3.4 Sample size and Sampling technique
3.5 Eligibility Criteria
3.6 Research Instruments
3.7 Validity and Reliability
3.8 Pre- testing of Tool
3.9 Data collection
3.10 Data processing and Analysis
3.10.1Data handling
3.10.2 Coding
3.10.3 Monitoring
3.10.4 Statistical Method
3.11 Ethical considerations
CHAPTER IV. Findings
This is the central part of the report as it includes all relevant research findings.
Findings are the conceptual statement based upon the analysis of the data. The
findings should be organized in textual or tabular form according to the objectives
or hypothesis of the study.

7. CHAPTER V . Discussion
The discussion section discusses the results of the study in relation to the
hypotheses or research questions. It highlights the major findings, their
significance and implications. Validation and justification of findings of the study
is done by comparing with relevant findings published in the previous literatures.
Reasoning and logics with major findings should discussed. Each of the findings
may be discussed depending upon their significance and utility
ChapterVI. Summary ,Conclusion ,Implication and Recommendation
6.1 Summary
6.2 Conclusions
It should point out the main findings of research. The researcher should provide
results clearly and precisely so that readers may easily understand what research
has been done and the conclusions that have been drawn from the evidence.
Conclusions are answers to the questions raised or statement of acceptance or
rejection of the hypothesis formulated earlier. Conclusions should be justified by
the analysis of data. Conclusion should be stated in a tentative term, as one study
cannot produce conclusive result.
6.3 Implications
It includes the application of the major findings of the study.
6.4 Limitation
It should include the shortcomings of the study if any.
6.5 Recommendations
Recommendations are fixed keeping in view the findings, theory structure and
interpretation presented in the previous chapter. Recommendation should include:
- Methods used in the research and their application in the similar conditions.
- Unanswered questions and new questions emerged during the process of
research.
- Suggestions for further investigation in the area.

8. Format for the End Part
The end part also known as the “supplementary section” or “reference material”
can be divided into following sub-sections:
 Reference/bibliography
 Appendix (Annex)
 Glossary (if necessary)

 References/Bibliography
The reference section of the manuscript begins at new page with the label
“References” centered. References and bibliography cannot be used
synonymously .References consists of all the documents including journal
articles, books ,chapters, reports and unpublished works that are cited in the
text of the manuscript whereas bibliography is comprehensive listing of
works or sources that were useful and consulted but were not cited in the
manuscript.

 Appendix (Annex)
It serves the same purpose as that of the footnote: material not essential for the
smooth reading of the text but which supplement the text. Text that cannot be put
as a footnote is placed in an appendix or appendices. A report writer should present
only the relevant supporting materials that are too unwieldy to be placed in the
body of the report. Materials that should be placed in an appendices are: Research
tools, relevant letters, consent form, schedules, complex tables, tests, documents
not easily available, new computer programs , checklists, tabulations ,charts, maps,
photographs, etc. Each appendix begins on a new page with the label “Appendix”
and identifying letter ,centered. It must have a title which should give clear
indication of the content or material that is included in the appendix. If two or
more appendices are included in a report thesis, they should be designated as

9. Appendix A, Appendix B and so on. If only one appendix is used, it should be
designated simply as “Appendix”.


 Glossary (if necessary)
A glossary is an alphabetical listing of technical and unfamiliar terms with
their meanings used in a report. Terms which contain many local terms such
as in various language need a glossary to facilitate the readers with the
English.

10. References
1. Polit D.F., Beck C.T. Nursing Research Generating and Assessing Evidence
for Nursing Practice. 10 ed. Wolters Kluwer :Philaldelphia;2017.
2. Patel S.P, Singh B. Essential Textbook of Nursing Research and
Biostatistics. 2
nd
ed. Samikshya Publication; 2018.
3. Sharma S.K. Nursing Research and Statistics. 2
nd
ed. Reed Elsevier India
Private Limited ; 2015.
4. Rai S.K , Khati K.S. Textbook of Nursing Research and Statistics. 1
st
ed.
Vidhyarthi Publications ; 2013.