researchMethod_Measurement_Obj_Hypo.pptx

Research Method
Scale of Measurement
Objectives and Hypothesis

1. Scales of Measurement, Research Method, Objectives & Hypothesis Lumding College 2024 Presenter: Dr Sandip Ratna, Associate Prof. SCTE-Kohima [email protected]

2. Scales of Measurement Research Method Objectives & Hypothesis Contents:

3. Scales of Measurement

4. Measurement is the foundation of any scientific investigation Everything we do begins with the measurement of whatever it is we want to study Definition: measurement is the assignment of numbers to objects Why we need Scales of Measurement:

5. Concept of Scales of Measurement:

6. Four Types of Measurement Scales Nominal Scale Ordinal Scale Interval Scale Ratio Scale

7. Nominal Scale: Not really a ‘scale’ because it does not scale objects along any dimension. It simply labels objects Gender is a nominal scale Male = 1 Female = 2 OR Religious Affiliation Catholic = 1; Hindu= 2; Jewish= 3; Muslim = 4; Other= 5

8. Ordinal Scale: Numbers are used to place objects in order But , there is no information regarding the differences (intervals) between points on the scale

9. What about expressing liking to the following: # I like ice cream. SA(5) A(4) U(3) D(2) SD(1) SA= Strongly Agree A= Agree U= Undecided D= Disagree SD= Strongly Disagree Example, Ordinal Scale:

10. Interval Scale : An interval scale is a scale on which equal intervals between objects, represent equal differences The interval differences are meaningful But , we can’t defend ratio relationships

11. T emperature (Farenheit), Credit score (300-850)., Students Marks, Weight, Price etc Example, Interval Scale:

12. Ratio Scale : Ratios are meaningful Physical scales of time, length and volume are ratio scales We can say that 20 seconds is twice as long as 10 seconds

13. Product defect rates, time to repurchase, unemployment rate, and crime rate. As an analyst, you can say a crime rate of 10% is twice that of 5%, or annual sales of Rs 2 million are 25% greater than Rs1.5 million. Example, Ratio Scale:

14. SUMMARY of Scales of measurement:

15. Research Method

16. Research methods are the strategies, processes or techniques utilized in the collection of data or evidence for analysis in order to uncover new information or create better understanding of a topic. Research Method (Meaning) :

17. Classification of Research: Educational research can be classified into different types. These classifications may depend on the 1. Goals, 2. Methods of investigation, 3. Kind of evidence or data collection Research Method :

18. Basis of Goal Typology Basic Research Eg : Learning Theories Applied Research i . Action Research Disciplinary problem of a student ii. Evaluation Research Effective TLM for BA class iii. Research & Development Effective Curriculum for school std.

19. 1. On the Basis of Goal Typology If we classify educational researches based on the goals of the particular investigation and the use to be made of it, then: (a) Basic Research: C alled pure research which is concerned with obtaining empirical data that can be used to formulate, expand or evaluate theory . Eg : Teaching-Learning Approaches (b) Applied Research: A pplication of theories and principles from basic research to solve educational problems , Three sub-categories:

20. Cont… ( i ) Action Research: I n order to solve their practical local problems, aimed at developing new skills, finding new answers or approaches to solve problems of current concern. Eg : Disciplinary problem of a student (ii) Evaluation Research: I n order to improve their efficiency by making necessary revisions or modifications. Eg : Effective TLM for M.Ed. class. (iii) Research and Development: T his is concerned with developing and testing curricula, methods and materials to ensure maximum efficiency of educational products and practices. Eg : Effectiveness of a TLM in M.Ed. class.

21. Basis of Method of Investigation Experimental Research Eg : Laboratory blood tests to determine the causes of a patient's health condition Quasi-experiment Research Impact of TLM on M & F students’ performance Descriptive Research Disciplinary problem of a student Surveys Attitude of students towards… Case Studies Contribution of Mr. X towards Educational development of Assam Documentary Analysis Stu. Performance on H.S.L.C. exm . Historical Research Development of present education System in India.

22. 2 On the Basis of Method of Investigation Typology (a) Experimental Research: independent variables are manipulated to observe the effects on the dependent variables. Eg : Laboratory blood tests to determine the causes of a patient's health condition . (b) Ex Post Facto Research: When the subjects may be grouped on the basis of some naturally occurring characteristics. Variables like sex, race, intelligence, aptitude, creativity, personality, socio-economic status, etc. Eg : Impact of Demonstration method on Male & Female students.

23. Cont… (c) Descriptive Research: C oncerned with either description and interpretation of existing relationships, attitudes, practices, processes, trends, etc. or the comparison of variables. ( i ) Surveys: A number of data-gathering psychometric tools and procedures are used. These include questionnaires, tests, checklists, rating scales, score cards, inventories, interviews , etc. Eg : Attitude of student towards Science Education. (ii) Documentary Analysis: T his type, documents and records are examined for relevant information. Official gazettes, minutes of meetings, reports of panels and blueprints can be examined. Eg : Students Performance on H.S.L.C. Examination(NBSE) in 2016.

24. Cont… (iii) Case Studies: I nvestigate a detailed account of individuals or aggregations of individual cases may be treated as units under this type of study. Eg : Contribution of Mr. X towards education in Assam . (d) Historical Research: A past oriented research; involves the location, documentation, evaluation and interpretation of available evidence in order to understand past events. Eg : Development of present education System in Assam.

25. Basis of the Kind of Evidence or data collection Quantitative Research eg : Teachers attitude toward ICT based Teaching-learning Qualitative Research Perception of people of Assam towards Covid-19 Vacation… Multiple Perspective Research /Mixed Research Student perceptions of their school environment relate to differences in test scores Types: phenomenological, ethnographic, grounded theory, historical, case study, & action research Types: Descriptive, Correlational, Quasi-Experimental, & Experimental Research

26. 3. On the Basis of the Kind of Evidence or data collection used Research can be classified as quantitative, qualitative or multiple perspective. (a) Quantitative Research: This type uses information or data expressed in numerical values . Data collection methods include tests of various types, experiments, questionnaire, rating scales etc. Quantitative data are analysed using either descriptive & (or) inferential statistics . Ex: Teachers attitude toward ICT based Teaching-learning

27. Cont… (b) Qualitative Research: Collected data is verbal or non-numerical. It makes use of qualitative data yielded through interviews, observations, artifacts, and documentary sources, audio and visual materials among others. Types: Grounded theory, Ethnographic, Narrative research, Case studies, and Phenomenology. Ex: Social Behavior towards Covid-19 Vacation……. (c) Multiple Perspective Research: U ses both quantitative and qualitative approaches Ex: Social practices and attitude of Bodo tribes towards Baishagu festival.

28. Research Questions & Objectives

29. Research questions & objectives: Research questions are the starting point in any good research . They provide the road map to proceed and identify and focus on the research gaps . The research objectives are actions intended to answer the research questions .

30. Example : Research questions i . Are there any difference in students’ attitude on the basis of gender? ii. What are the attitude difference between rural & urban students? Objectives i . To analyse students’ attitude towards online learning on the basis of gender. ii. To analyse students’ attitude towards online learning on the basis of Location of stay. Students’ Attitude towards Online Learning at S econdary Schools of Assam

31. Hypotheses:

32. Hypotheses : Generally hypothesis is considered as an assumption or a supposition which has to be proved or disproved . A hypothesis is a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, an educated conjecture. It provides a tentative explanation for a phenomenon under investigation. " ( Leedy and Ormrod, 2001). Purpose: Guides/gives direction to the study/investigation Suggests which form of research design is likely to be the most appropriate Provides a framework for organizing the conclusions of the findings Structures the next phase in the investigation and therefore furnishes continuity to the examination of the problem

33. Who is Taller ? Who is Better ? Concept of Hypothesis :

34. G. Hypotheses: Who is Taller ? Who is Better ?

35. Hypotheses : Example: To Compare between Teaching Method (A) & Teaching Method (B) The Teaching Method (A) is as good as Teaching Method (B) i.e , H : A=B There is no significant difference between Teaching Method-A & Method-B , The Teaching Method-A is better than Teaching Method-B i.e , Ha: A>B The method of Teaching-A is better than Teaching-B These hypotheses are capable of objectively verified and tested  NULLHYPOTHESIS  ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS

36. Example : Objectives i . To analyse students’ attitude towards online learning on the basis of Gender. ii. To analyse students’ attitude towards online learning on the basis of Location of School. Students’ Attitude towards Online Learning at S econdary Schools of Assam Hypotheses: H 01 : There is no significant deference between Male and Female Students Attitude towards online learning. H 02 : There is no significant deference between Rural and Urban School Students Attitude towards online learning.

37. Parametric and Non-parametric Data: Parametric Data: Normality:  The data follows a normal (Gaussian) distribution. Homogeneity of variance:  The variance of the population is the same across all groups. Independence:  Observations are independent of each other. Statistical Tests: t-test, Z-test, ANOVA, F-test can be used. Non-Parametric Data Independence:  Data points are independent and not influenced by others. Random Sampling:  Data represents a random sample from the population. Homogeneity of Measurement:  Measurements are consistent across all data points. Statistical Tests: Chi square test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test are used

38. t-test: William Sealy Gosset

39. Cal. t-value < Tab. t-value  Fail to Reject Ho That is, The null hypothesis that there is no difference between the means is therefore somewhat unlikely

40. If the absolute value of the calculated t-statistic is larger than the critical value of t, we reject the null hypothesis. That is, if Cal. t-value > Tab. t-value  Reject Ho if Cal. t-value < Tab. t-value  Fail to Reject Ho p-value ≤ 0.05  Reject Ho p-value > 0.05  Fail to Reject Ho t-test:

41. Establish Critical or Rejection region

42. Chi-Square test: If the observed chi-square test statistic is greater than the critical value, the null hypothesis can be rejected Example: Karl Pearson

43. Any Questions ?

44. References: Asian Institute of Technology. Writing up research: Using the literature. Retrieved 1/22/2009, 2009, from http://www.languages.ait.ac.th/EL21LIT.HTM Burge, C., 7.16 Experimental Molecular Biology: Biotechnology II, Spring 2005 . (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCouseWare ), Retrieved 12/15/2008, from http://ocw.mit.edu. License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Carrol , J., 15.301 Managerial Psychology, Fall 2006 . (Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT OpenCouseWare ). Retrieved 12/15/2008, from http://ocw.mit.edu. License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Golden-Biddle, K, & Locke, K (1997). Composing Qualitative Research . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 5 (3), 101-117. Lyons, K. (2005). UCSC library - how to write a literature review. Retrieved 1/22/2009, 2009, from http://library.ucsc.edu/ref/howto/literaturereview.html Mauch , J. E., & Birch, J. W. (1993). Guide to the successful thesis and dissertation : A handbook for students and faculty (3rd , rev. and expand ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker. University of Wisconsin. (2006). UW- madison writing center writer's handbook. Retrieved 1/22/2009, 2009, from http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.html

45. Thank You [phone] [email protected] www.sctek.online State College of Teacher Education Kohima , Nagaland, 797001