ResMethods - overview of research Session1.ppt

This is session one of research methods slides

1. Research Methods Session 1 – Why Do Research Lecturer: Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu , UGBS Contact Information: [email protected]

2. Session Overview Research plays a critical role in business and society. However, what makes a piece of exercise of asking questions a research. This session seeks to introduce readers to the purpose of research and explain the research process. The learning outcome is to understand what is and what is not research, understand the classifications or different types of research and explain research design. Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 2 24-Jun-23

3. Session Outline The key topics to be covered in the session are as follows: Defining Research Why We Do Research The Research Process Types of Research Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 3 24-Jun-23

4. Reading List Chapter One Boateng, R. (2020) Research Made Easy Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 4 24-Jun-23 https://amzn.to/39gMMXh UG Kingdom Bookshop

5. Defining research Topic One Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 5 24-Jun-23

6. What is Research? Research is an investigation into a particular topic or social/business phenomena. 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 6

7. What is Research? This said, one will argue that every investigation on a topic of interest is research. NO! That is not true. 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 7

8. What is Research? Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to QUESTIONS . SYSTEMATIC  because there is a definite set of scientific procedures and principles which the researcher will NEED to follow in order to get reliable and accurate results. ORGANIZED  because there is a structure or method for doing research. The research process has a number of steps to guide the researcher. Adapted From Henrichsen , Smith, & Baker (1997) 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 8

9. What is Research? Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to QUESTIONS . FINDING ANSWERS  because every research seeks to answer a question or a number of questions. Sometimes the answer is no, but it is still an answer. QUESTIONS  are central to research. If there is no question, then how do we begin the research. Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions. Without a question, research has no focus, drive, or purpose. Adapted From Henrichsen , Smith, & Baker (1997) 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 9

10. Research Questions Define… 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 10

11. Why we do research Topic Two Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 11 24-Jun-23

12. So Why Do We Do Research? Create/develop something new Cause something particular to happen Make-sense-of what is happening Explain what is happening/verify Predict what will happen` 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 12

13. Discover/Explore Describe/Understand Explain/Predict or Create Social Phenomena Research is partly a process of discovery and partly a process of knowledge creation. So Why Do We Do Research? 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 13

14. Absence of Research Authority Tradition Common Sense Media Distortion Personal Experience common sources of knowledge, perception and conclusion 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 14

15. Absence of Research Authority Limitations expertise of other people may be wrong; authorities may not agree and may not be equally dependable; authorities may speak on fields they know little about Tradition: accepting something as being true because it is the way things have always been. For example, don't whistle in the night. (can become distorted as it is passed on) 24-Jun-23 Research Methods – Dr. Abeeku Sam. Edu, UGBS-OMIS DEPT. Slide 15

16. Absence of Research Common Sense: ordinary reasoning by person’s experiences allows logical fallacies to slip into thinking (Gambler's fallacy/Monte Carlo fallacy) Media Myths: conclusions based on a reality created by the media writers distort reality because they want to entertain their audience. Personal Experience can lead us astray: what appears to be true may actually be due to a slight error or distortion in judgement The four errors of personal experience: 24-Jun-23 Research Methods – Dr. Abeeku Sam. Edu, UGBS-OMIS DEPT. Slide 16

17. Absence of Research Overgeneralisation: when some evidence supports your belief but you falsely assume that it applies to many other situations, too (five blind men being friendly). Selective observation: taking special notice of some people or events and tend to seek out evidence that confirms what you already believe and ignore contradictory information (belief that tall people are excellent singers). premature closure: when you feel you have the answer and do not listen, seek information or raise questions any longer (using results from a small sample to draw conclusions) halo effect: when we overgeneralise from what we accept as being highly positive or prestigious and let its strong reputation or prestige "rub off" onto other areas (report by someone from Harvard or Cambridge and one from an unknown university) 24-Jun-23 Research Methods – Dr. Abeeku Sam. Edu, UGBS-OMIS DEPT. Slide 17

18. Absence of Research Neuman, W.L. (2011) Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 2/E, Pearson Education – ISBN ISBN-10: 0205484379  |  ISBN-13: 9780205484379 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 18

19. The research process Topic Three Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 19 24-Jun-23

20. The Research Process Neuman, W.L. (2011) Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 2/E, Pearson Education – ISBN ISBN-10: 0205484379  |  ISBN-13: 9780205484379 Research process is the step-by-step process of creating and carrying out a research project 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 20

21. Phases of The Research Process – Graduate Long Essay 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 21 Preliminary Pages Chapter 1: Introduction Identify a social or business phenomenon to be studied; Research Background and Research Problem Determine the right question to ask: Purpose | Objectives | Questions | Significance | Synopsis of Chapters Chapter 2: Literature Review Review Existing Literature, Explain Concepts and Examine Conceptual Framework to address the question Chapter 3: Context of Study Present an Overview of the Study Context – Location, Industry and Institution Chapter 4: Research Methodology Design a research to find answers: Approach | Strategy | Sample | Data Collection | Data Analysis | Ethical Considerations Chapter 5: Results and Discussion Present Results/Case Study | Analyze to Determine Preliminary Findings | Discuss to Confirm/Contrast Findings with respect to Literature Chapter 6: Conclusion Inform others about the answers or new knowledge: Revisit Research Questions | Implications to Research, Practice and Policy References Appendices

22. Phases of The Research Process – Graduate Long Essay 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 22 Preliminary Pages Cover Page Title Page Declaration Abstract Dedication Acknowledgement Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Chapter One Research Background Research Problem Research Purpose Research Objectives Research Questions Research Significance Synopsis of Chapters

23. Research Process vs Research Design Not the Same The researcher’s plan on how to implement the research in practice is known as the research design. The research design describes how, when and where data are to be collected and how the data will be analyzed . Research Design is the subset of the Research Process 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 23

24. Research Activities are Often Iterative Flexibility of revisiting previous activities to revise their focus Rarely linear; it is more realistically cyclical Researcher needs to have a bird’s eyeview of the research process 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 24

25. Types of research Topic Four Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 25 24-Jun-23

26. Types of research Application of the Research [Whom - Recipient] Purpose or Objectives of the Research [Why] Inquiry Procedure of the Research [Who – Researcher] 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 26

27. Application/Use of Research Basic/Pure research The scientific community Focus is on the rigour of the process Applied research Policy or Practice Focus is on the outcome/implications of results Evaluation research Assess the effectiveness Social Impact Assessment 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 27 Neuman, W.L. (2011) Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 2/E, Pearson Education – ISBN ISBN-10: 0205484379  |  ISBN-13: 9780205484379

28. Basic and Applied Social Research Compared Neuman, W.L. (2019) Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 2/E, Pearson Education – ISBN ISBN-10: 0205484379  |  ISBN-13: 9780205484379 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 28

29. Purpose of the Research To explore (Exploratory research) To describe (Descriptive research) To explain (Explanatory research) 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 29

30. Purpose of the Research To explore (Exploratory research) Exploratory research seeks to explore an area where little is known or little research has been done either in the context (research site) or on the research topic in that particular context (topic and context) Example: To explore the antecedents and outcomes of engagement with videos on social media platforms among Gen Z consumers. 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 30 Neuman, W.L. (2011) Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 2/E, Pearson Education – ISBN ISBN-10: 0205484379  |  ISBN-13: 9780205484379

31. Purpose of the Research To explore (Exploratory research) To explore the antecedents and outcomes of engagement with videos on social media platforms among Gen Z consumers in Ghana. To examine the antecedents and outcomes of online health information seeking behavior on social media platforms among Gen Z consumers in Ghana. To examine the antecedents and outcomes of consumer purchase intention of Made-in-Ghana Vehicles among Gen Z, Y and X consumers in Ghana To examine the antecedents and outcomes of citizen engagement with government through digital platforms among Gen Z, Y and X citizens in Ghana. To examine the antecedents and outcomes of consumer use of emoticons in engagement with online information/brands among Gen Z, Y and X consumers in Ghana. To examine the antecedents and outcomes of consumer adoption of financial products among Gen Z, Y and X consumers in Ghana. 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 31 Neuman, W.L. (2011) Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 2/E, Pearson Education – ISBN ISBN-10: 0205484379  |  ISBN-13: 9780205484379

32. Purpose of the Research To describe (descriptive research) Descriptive research seeks to systematically describe a phenomenon or situation or problem. Usually asks the ‘what’ and ‘how’ question. For example, what are the attitudes of the community towards the community library or what are the living conditions in the farming communities in Ghana. 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 32 Neuman, W.L. (2011) Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 2/E, Pearson Education – ISBN ISBN-10: 0205484379  |  ISBN-13: 9780205484379

33. Purpose of the Research To explain (explanatory research) Explanatory research seeks to understand and explain a phenomenon or situation or problem. Usually asks the questions ‘why’ and ‘how’ a particular phenomenon occurs or there exist a relationship between two or more factors of a phenomenon. The researcher goes beyond merely describing the characteristics, to analyze and explain why or how something is happening. For example, why and how do firms achieve value amidst the reported fierce competition in the micro-finance industry? 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 33 Neuman, W.L. (2011) Basics of Social Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 2/E, Pearson Education – ISBN ISBN-10: 0205484379  |  ISBN-13: 9780205484379

34. Research Methods, Some Notes to Orient You. Source: http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic851950.files/Research%20Methods_Some%20Notes.pdf 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 34

35. Inquiry Procedure of the Research Approach of the Research Time Dimension of the Research 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 35

36. Approach of the Research Quantitative: to determine the extent of a problem or the existence of a relationship between aspects of a phenomenon by quantifying the variation. Methods include survey. Qualitative : to explore the meanings, attitudes, values, beliefs people associate with a phenomenon in order to establish a better understanding, rather than to test to support or disprove a relationship. Useful for describing social phenomena or the nature of the variation... Methods include case study Mixed-Methods: Combines the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative research 24-Jun-23 Research Methods - Dr. Abeeku Sam Edu, UGBS Slide 36