RESTORATION ECOLOGY

RESTORATION IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT IN NEW GENERATION.

1. RESTORATION ECOLOGY Anu.s 1 st MSc 140506 Aquatic biology&Fisheries

2. Due to the severe impact humans have already inflicted on the landscape and the expensive cost of real estate, restoring a landscape may be more feasible than other options This is a relatively new field and many advances have been made However, we rarely restore something to its former glory and functionality Restoration ecology

3. Specifically , RE is “the process of intentionally altering a site to establish a defined, indigenous, historic ecosystem” The goal is to emulate the structure, function, diversity and dynamics of the specific ecosystem Or…moving a degraded system back towards one of greater structural and functional diversity May be able to trace restoration back to Aldo Leopold in the 1930’s at the UW arboretum (120 ha forest) RE draws upon many disciplines and subdisciplines of the natural sciences including landscape ecology, hydrology, geomorphology, soil science, geochemistry, animal behavior, pop biology, theoretical biology, invasion ecology and evolutionary ecology  

4. Different Restoration Approaches Reclamation Revegetation Rehabilitation Re-creation Ecological engineering

5. RE may take many forms: restoration, enhancement, reclamation, re-creation, rehabilitation, augmentation, and translocation Rehabilitation is simply improving degraded habitat, maybe not restoring it Reclamation may be stabilization of the land and/or minimizing further degradation Re-creation is an attempt to return to historic condition, accuracy Replacement may recreate a site, which may not be historically accurate Enhancement or augmentation are attempting to add to the degraded condition, but not fully functional

6. Ecosystem functioning is regulated by nutrient cycling , primary productivity and energy flow between trophic levels And also controlled by top - down mechanism The ultimate goal of restoration efforts is to enhance functioning of degraded ecosystem Ecosystem Functioning

7. Restoration of severely degraded soils involves the restocking of nutrient capital into the soil The SOM( Soil Organic Matter ) is one of the most important factor in determining the functioning of soil (SOM directly increase soil nutrients) SOM can be increasing litter input from ecosystem , mineralization & import top soil from a surrogate site Quality of litter inputs influence the the rate of mineralization ,which is usually in proportion to the nutrient capital in soil Restoration of soil

8. Beach nourishment Dune building fences Replanting sites where previous failed or die back is experienced Applying fertilizer when required to growth and seed production Transplanting shrubs and trees on the dunes to facilitate succession Controlling invasive non-native plants Beneficial soil micro organisms are critical for successful dune reconstruction Restoration of coastal sand dunes

9. Of forest

10. PASSIVE RESTORATION ACTIVE RESTORATION Abandoning the farms Reducing logging Reducing livestock grazing Reduce non native species Restoration of buffer zones Regeneration of Niches Reforestation Direct seeding of native plants Enrichment planting

11. Restoration of critical habitat is essential for enhancing survival of populations endangered species . The critical habitat for endangered species is composed of complex factors and is specific for each species . The hierarchical order used by endangered species in selecting a critical habitat is : the geographical ranges of the species , the home of an individual ,the use of particular habitat elements with in the home range and the actual food items that an animal selects . The success of restoration programs for endangered animals depends on the integrity of the critical habitat . Restoration of critical habitats

12. Area threshold : is the minimum area of critical habitat to maintain a viable population. Restoration f the critical habitat should establish an effective size of the breeding population . Carrying capacity : T he carrying capacity of the critical habitat is an important factor that always limits restoration efforts. The carrying capacity of a habitat determines how many individuals of population can exist there GIS technology : GIS model is used to rank suitable habitats for targeted populations of endangered species. Important terms in RCH

13. Reestablishing the hydrological functioning. Aims at building the original hydrological conditions of degraded site by using engineering solutions such as building levees or dams or filling existing drainage systems. Effort can effectively restore important component of the natural hydrology of wet land. Restoration of wetlands

14. Passive Active Seed dispersal into degraded wet lands are located adjacent to pristine or less degraded wet lands. Rhizome pieces can be dispersed in floodwater as such propagules can be effective in establishing new populations. Introduction of native plants. Strategic seeding . Out planting of seedlings. Mature plants , rhizomes or cutting of native plants . Transplant whole turfs of wet lands to increase species richness . Control of invasive or undesirable plants

15. Prevent nutrient loads through engineering methods (sediment dredging and removal). Increase in zooplankton popultions can result in lower algal population. Biomanipulation : Restoration of the zooplankton populations is achieved by reducing or removing temporarily resident fish populations. Top –down trophic control of algal populations. Prevent vegetation growth towards lakes Prevent water pollution from industries , garbages etc . Chemical treatment to raise pH of water (Acidification) RESTORATION OF LAKES

16. Information on the geomorphic ,hydrological and ecological functioning of the river. Prevent siltation of the river bed(soil erosion of agricultural lands is one of the main factors behind siltation of rivers). Introducing irregular flow patterns to increase the hydrological capacity(introducing gravels). Prevent the construction of reservoirs by large scales in rivers. Restoration strategies increase the complexity and heterogeneity of the river environment. RESTORATION OF RIVERS

17. Rapidly modify geomorphology of river. Bed raising . Replacement of riffle pools. Creation of gravel beds to facilitate fish spawning. The general removal of any obstacles to fish migration. Restoration of adjacent wetlands , floodplains, and embankments to improve river habitats. Reduce sediment loading and leaching of agrochemical into rivers(maintaining buffer zone). Natural recolonization of native organisms or translocation of selected native fish species. Remove garbages ,waste ACTIVE RESTORATION

18. RESTOR ATION IN INDIA

19. To protect the natural environment; To regenerate and restore degraded ecosystems and increase their productivity and to generate employment through these activities; To decentralise control over nature and natural resources; To develop and share an understanding of nature and natural processes; To formulate a national policy for environment and an appropriate institutional and legal framework in support of the policy; To ensure co- ordinated and integrated Governmental action aimed at conserving nature and sustainable use of natural resources; To make individuals and institutions more accountable to the people for their actions impinging on environment and ecosystem; and To monitor the state of environment. 8 th FIVE YEAR PLAN OF INDIA

20. The Ganga action plan was, launched by   Shri Rajeev Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India on 14 Jan. 1986 with the main objective of pollution abatement, to improve the water quality by Interception, Diversion and treatment of domestic sewage and present toxic and industrial chemical wastes from identified grossly polluting units entering in to the river. GANGA ACTION PLAN

21. Namami Ganga Prime minister  Narendra Modi  affirmed to work for cleaning the river and controlling Pollution.Subsequently ,  Namami Ganga In the budget tabled in  Parliament  on 10 July 2014, the Union Finance Minister  Arun Jaitley  announced an integrated Ganga development project titled  Namami Ganga  and allocated 2,037  crore  for this purpose. As a part of the program, government of India ordered the shut down of 48 industrial units around Ganga .

22. YAMUNA, the largest tributary of the Ganga river, is all set to get an "eco health" revamp in the region The  Yamuna Action Plan  (YAP) is a bilateral project between the  Government of India  and  Japan . It is one of the largest river restoration projects in India. The government of Japan, via the Japanese Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), has provided financial aid of 17.7 billion yen to carry out the project, which is being executed by the National River Conservation Directorate, the  Ministry of Environment and Forests , and the  Government of India . The actions include training local people in basic river and catchment monitoring techniques, environmental education of school children and providing sustainable energy use techniques at the local level. YAMUNA ACTION PLAN

23. (OLD) PRESENT STAGE

24. Restoration in kerala Gurukula botanical center( wayanad ) it is one of the result of restoration of western ghats . Forty years they have been observing how habitats and species of this mountain biome can be nurtured to health from conditions of devastation. It is clear to that forests and grasslands and other habitats of the Western Ghats can return. suprabha seshan :  advocates the Gurukula model to explain the importance of geographically-specific biodiversity and its connection to ecological resilience. Her methodology is about diagnostic healing and restoration rather than simply conserving what remains or “greening” the

25. Director of GURUKULA BOTANICAL CENTER

26.  The need to restore natural habitats through integrated conservation techniques, gardening, and restoration practice. She demonstrates the importance of nurturing the existing links between the health of plants and climate, survival of animal species, humans, land, and livelihoods. Her innovation creates a healthy alliance between people and their environment.

27. Restoration is the separate field in ecology. It provide an opportunity to recreate our natural existence .  It is the scientific study supporting the practice of ecological restoration , which is the practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or destroyed  ecosystems   and habitats  in the  environment  by active human intervention and action. We can make our ecosystem healthy through restoration. Summary

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