Restoration ecology

shaik umme salma AEM- MFK -1710 COLLEGE OF FISHERIES MANGLORE

1. SK.UMME SALMA, MFK 1710, AEM. COFM

2. Due to the severe impact humans have already inflicted on the landscape and the expensive cost of real estate, restoring a landscape may be more feasible than other options. This is a relatively new field and many advances have been made However, we rarely restore something to its former glory and functionality INTRODUCTION

3. Specifically, RE is “the process of intentionally altering a site to establish a defined , indigenous, historic ecosystem” The goal is to emulate the structure, function, diversity and dynamics of the specific ecosystem Moving a degraded system back towards one of greater structural and functional diversity

4. Reclamation Revegetation Rehabilitation Re-creation Ecological engineering DIFFERENT RESTORATION APPROACHES

5. Rehabilitation : Simply improving degraded habitat, maybe not restoring it Reclamation: Be stabilization of the land and/or minimizing further degradation Re-creation : Attempt to return to historic condition, accuracy Replacement: May recreate a site, which may not be historically accurate Enhancement or augmentation: Add to the degraded condition, but not fully functional

6. Ecosystem functioning is regulated by nutrient cycling , primary productivity and energy flow between trophical levels And also controlled by top- down mechanism The ultimate goal of restoration efforts is to enhance functioning of degraded ecosystem ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING

7. Restoration of severely degraded soils involves the restocking of nutrient capital into the soil The SOM( Soil Organic Matter ) is one of the most important factor in determining the functioning of soil (SOM directly increase soil nutrients) SOM can be increasing litter input from ecosystem , mineralization & import top soil from a surrogate site Quality of litter inputs influence the rate of mineralization ,which is usually in proportion to the nutrient capital in soil RESTORATION OF SOIL

8. Beach nourishment Dune building fences Replanting sites where previous failed or die back is experienced Applying fertilizer when required to growth and seed production Transplanting shrubs and trees on the dunes to facilitate succession Controlling invasive non-native plants Beneficial soil micro organisms are critical for successful dune reconstruction Restoration of coastal sand dunes

9. Abandoning the farms Reducing logging Reducing livestock grazing Reduce non native species PASSIVE RESTORATION ACTIVE RESTORATION Restoration of buffer zones Regeneration of Niches Reforestation Direct seeding of native plants Enrichment planting

10. Restoration of critical habitat is essential for enhancing survival of populations endangered species . The critical habitat for endangered species is composed of complex factors and is specific for each species . The hierarchical order used by endangered species in selecting a critical habitat is the geographical ranges of the species, the home of an individual,the use of particular habitat elements with in the home range and the actual food items that an animal selects. RESTORATION OF CRITICAL HABITS

11. Re-establishing the hydrological functioning. Aims at building the original hydrological conditions of degraded site by using engineering solutions such as building levees or dams or filling existing drainage systems. Effort can effectively restore important component of the natural hydrology of wet land. RESTORATION OF WETLANDS

12. Introduction of native plants. Strategic seeding . Out planting of seedlings. Mature plants , rhizomes or cutting of native plants . Transplant whole turfs of wet lands to increase species richness . Control of invasive or undesirable plants ACTIVE PASSIVE Seed dispersal into degraded wet lands are located adjacent to pristine or less degraded wet lands. Rhizome pieces can be dispersed in floodwater as such propagates can be effective in establishing new populations.

13. RESTORATION OF LAKES Prevent nutrient loads through engineering methods (sediment dredging and removal). Increase in zooplankton populations can result in lower algal population. Biomanipulation : Restoration of the zooplankton populations is achieved by reducing or removing temporarily resident fish populations. Top –down trophic control of algal populations. Prevent vegetation growth towards lakes Prevent water pollution from industries , garbages etc . Chemical treatment to raise pH of water (Acidification)

14. Information on the geomorphic ,hydrological and ecological functioning of the river. Prevent siltation of the river bed(soil erosion of agricultural lands is one of the main factors behind siltation of rivers). Introducing irregular flow patterns to increase the hydrological capacity(introducing gravels). Prevent the construction of reservoirs by large scales in rivers. Restoration strategies increase the complexity and heterogeneity of the river environment. RESTORATION OF RIVERS

15. RESTORATION OF INDIA

16. To protect the natural environment To regenerate and restore degraded ecosystems and increase their productivity and to generate employment through these activities To decentralise control over nature and natural resources To develop and share an understanding of nature and natural processes 8 th FIVE YEAR PLAN OF INDIA

17. To formulate a national policy for environment and an appropriate institutional and legal framework in support of the policy. To ensure co- ordinated and integrated Governmental action aimed at conserving nature and sustainable use of natural resources. To make individuals and institutions more accountable to the people for their actions impinging on environment and ecosystem. To monitor the state of environment.

18. The Ganga action plan was, launched by   Shri Rajeev Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India on 14 Jan. 1986 with the main objective of pollution abatement. To improve the water quality by Interception. Diversion and treatment of domestic sewage and present toxic and industrial chemical wastes from identified grossly polluting units entering in to the river. GANGA ACTION PLAN

19. HOLY GANGA

20. Prime minister  Narendra Modi  affirmed to work for cleaning the river and controlling Pollution.Subsequently ,  Namami Ganga In the budget tabled in Parliament on 2014 , the Union Finance Minister  Arun Jaitley  announced an integrated Ganga development project titled  Namami Ganga  and allocated 20,000  crore  for this purpose. As a part of the program, government of India ordered the shut down of 48 industrial units around Ganga . NAMAMI GANGA

21. POLLUTION IN GANGA Cities with most polluted Ganges water -Kanpur - Mirzapur -Varanasi -Allahabad -Patna - When Ganga flows from highly populous areas the Ganges collects large amounts of human pollutants such as faecal coliforms and Schistosoma mansoni .

22. RIVER YAMUNA The Yamuna is t he largest tributary river of Ganga in northern India. It originates from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height 6,387 mtrs ., on the south western slopes of Banderpooch peaks in the Lower Himalayas. It travels a total length of 1,376 kilometers before merging with the Ganges at Triveni Sangam , Allahabad, the site for the Kumbha Mela every twelve years.

23. YAMUNA, the largest tributary of the Ganga river, is all set to get an "eco health" recamp in the region The  Yamuna Action Plan  (YAP) is a bilateral project between the Government of India and Japan. It is one of the largest river restoration projects in India. The government of Japan, via the Japanese Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), has provided financial aid of 17.7 billion yen to carry out the project, which is being executed by the National River Conservation Directorate, the Ministry of Environment and Forests, and the Government of India. YAMUNA ACTION PLAN

24. POLLUTION IN YAMUNA RIVER According to one official it describes the river as a ‘ sewage drain ’ with ‘ Biochemical oxygen demand ’ values ranging from 14 to 28 mg/l and high coliform content. Due to high density population growth, rapid industrialization, today Yamuna is one of the most polluted rivers in the world.

25. Restoration is the separate field in ecology. It provide an opportunity to recreate our natural existence . It is the scientific study supporting the practice of ecological restoration , which is the practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human intervention and action. We can make our ecosystem healthy through restoration. SUMMARY

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