Retinal anatomy and physiology/ppt/ .pdf

The retina is the light-sensitive inner layer of the eye that converts light into electrical signals for vision. It lies between the choroid and vitreous body and acts like a camera film, forming images. It contains rods (dim light vision) and cones (color & daylight vision).

The retina has 10 layers (from outer to inner):

1. Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE): Absorbs stray light, nourishes photoreceptors, and performs phagocytosis.


2. Photoreceptor Layer: Contains rods and cones; converts light into nerve impulses.

3. External Limiting Membrane: Barrier between photoreceptors and inner retina; provides structural support.

4. Outer Nuclear Layer: Contains nuclei of rods and cones.

5. Outer Plexiform Layer: Synapses between photoreceptors, bipolar, and horizontal cells for signal transfer.


6. Inner Nuclear Layer: Contains nuclei of bipolar, horizontal, amacrine, and Müller cells; processes visual signals.

7. Inner Plexiform Layer: Synapses between bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells.

8. Ganglion Cell Layer: Contains ganglion cell bodies that collect and relay impulses.

9. Nerve Fiber Layer: Axons of ganglion cells form the optic nerve.

10. Internal Limiting Membrane: Separates retina from vitreous body.

Function: The retina receives light, converts it into electrical impulses, and transmits them to the brain through the optic nerve for visual perception.
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1. Anatomy and physiology:-
By :- Anmol Singh
Boptom 2k24
UPUMS Saifai etawah
Retina:-

2. Introduction to Retina:-
●The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive
layer of the eye.
●It converts light rays into electrical impulses
which are sent to the brain via the optic nerve.
●The retina functions like the film of a camera in
image formation.
●It contains photoreceptor cells (rods and
cones).

5. Location and Structure:-
●Situated between the choroid (behind) and the
vitreous body (in front).
●Average thickness: 0.1 mm at fovea, 0.5 mm
near optic disc.
●Two main parts:
1. Optic part – light-sensitive
2. Non-optic part – lines the ciliary body and iris

7. Microscopic Anatomy:-
1. Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)
2. Layer of Rods and Cone
3. External Limiting Membrane
4. Outer Nuclear Layer
5. Outer Plexiform Layer

8. 6. Inner Nuclear Layer
7. Inner Plexiform Layer
8. Ganglion Cell Layer
9. Nerve Fiber Layer
10. Internal Limiting Membrane
From outer (choroid side) → inner (vitreous
side):

10. Layer 1 – Retinal Pigment Epithelium
(RPE):-
●Single layer of pigmented cells.
●Functions:
●Absorbs stray light → prevents light
scattering.
●Provides nutrients to photoreceptors.
●Helps in phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer
segments.
●Forms part of blood-retina barrier.

11. Layer 2 – Photoreceptor Layer (Rods
& Cones):-
●Contains rods (night vision) and cones (color
& daylight vision).
●Rods: ~120 million; sensitive to dim light.
●Cones: ~6 million; concentrated in macula and
fovea.
●Function: Converts light into electrical
impulses (phototransduction).

12. Layer 3 – External Limiting Membrane:-
●Thin layer formed by junctions between
Müller cells and photoreceptors.

●Acts as a barrier separating inner retina
from outer photoreceptor parts.

13. Layer 4 – Outer Nuclear Layer:-
●Contains nuclei of photoreceptor cells
(rods & cones).

●Function: Houses genetic material
necessary for visual pigment synthesis.

14. Layer 5 – Outer Plexiform Layer:-
●Synaptic connections between:
●Photoreceptors → Bipolar cells
Horizontal cells
●Function: Transmission and integration of
visual signals from photoreceptors.

15. Layer 6 – Inner Nuclear Layer:-
●Contains nuclei of bipolar, horizontal,
amacrine, and Müller cells.

●Function: Acts as an intermediate processing
station for visual signals.

16. Layer 7 – Inner Plexiform Layer:-
●Synaptic connections between:
Bipolar cells → Ganglion cells
● Amacrine cells (modulate signal)
●Function: Integration & modification of
visual information.

17. Layer 8 – Ganglion Cell Layer:-
●Contains cell bodies of ganglion cells.

●Function: Collects information from bipolar
& amacrine cells and transmits it to optic
nerve fibers.

18. Layer 9 – Nerve Fiber Layer:-
●Formed by axons of ganglion cells which
converge to form the optic nerve.

●Function: Conducts visual impulses to the
brain’s visual cortex.

19. Layer 10 – Internal Limiting Membrane:-
●Innermost layer formed by basement
membrane of Müller cells.

●Function: Separates retina from vitreous
body and maintains retinal structure.

21. Physiology of Retina:-
1. Reception: Light focused on retina → activates
photoreceptors.
2. Transduction: Photochemical reaction →
electrical signals.
3. Transmission: Signals pass through bipolar →
ganglion → optic nerve → brain.
4. Perception: Brain interprets impulses as vision
(image formation).

24. Blood Supply of Retina:-
●Outer Retina: Supplied by choroidal
circulation.

●Inner Retina: Supplied by central retinal artery.

●Venous drainage: Central retinal vein.

26. Clinical Importance:-
●Retinitis Pigmentosa: Degeneration of
photoreceptors.
●Macular Degeneration: Loss of central
vision.
●Retinal Detachment: Separation of sensory
retina from RPE.
●Diabetic Retinopathy: Damage to retinal
blood vessels.

32. Conclusion:-
●Retina is a complex, multilayered structure
vital for vision.
●Each layer performs unique and essential
functions for image formation.
●Damage to any layer can cause visual
impairment or blindness.

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