REVEIW OF ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSYTEM.pptx

A hemothorax is a medical condition where blood accumulates in the pleural cavity, the space between the lungs and the chest wall, often resulting from trauma, surgery, or underlying disease, and causing difficulty breathing and chest pain.

1. REVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM BY: MUTEGEKI ADOLF

2. ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory tract system is a complex network of organs and tissues responsible for gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to be expelled from the body. The system is divided into: The Upper respiratory tract and the L ower respiratory tract Respiratory Muscles

3. Upper Respiratory Tract The upper respiratory tract consists of the structures outside the thoracic cavity. It includes: Nose and Nasal Cavity Nose : The external part of the respiratory system, made of cartilage and bone, that allows air to enter the body. Nasal Cavity : A large air-filled space behind the nose, lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs (cilia) that filter, warm, and humidify the air. Nasal Septum : The bone and cartilage wall that divides the nasal cavity into two halves. Conchae ( Turbinates ) : Curved bone structures within the nasal cavity that increase the surface area for warming and humidifying air.

4. b) Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled spaces located within the bones of the skull around the nasal cavity (frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal , and sphenoidal sinuses). Function : These sinuses help lighten the weight of the skull, warm and humidify the air, and enhance voice resonance. c) Pharynx (Throat): A muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus. It’s divided into three regions: Nasopharynx : The upper part behind the nasal cavity, which serves as an air passage. Oropharynx : The middle section behind the oral cavity, serving as a passageway for both air and food. Laryngopharynx : The lower part that leads to the larynx and esophagus.

5. d) Larynx (Voice Box): Located at the top of the trachea, the larynx contains the vocal cords and is responsible for voice production. Components : Epiglottis : A flap of cartilage that closes over the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airways. Vocal Cords : Mucous membrane folds that vibrate to produce sound. Thyroid Cartilage : The large cartilage, commonly known as the Adam's apple, that forms the front wall of the larynx.

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7. 2. Lower Respiratory Tract The lower respiratory tract is located within the thoracic cavity and includes: Trachea (Windpipe) A rigid tube that extends from the larynx to the bronchi, about 10-12 cm long, lined with ciliated epithelium and mucus-secreting cells. Function : The trachea serves as the main airway, conducting air to the bronchi and lungs.

8. b) Bronchi and Bronchioles Primary Bronchi : The trachea divides into two main bronchi (right and left) that enter each lung. Right Bronchus : Wider, shorter, and more vertical, leading into the right lung. Left Bronchus : Narrower, longer, and more horizontal, leading into the left lung. Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi : Each primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, with three on the right and two on the left, each serving one lobe of the lung. Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi : These further divide into smaller branches that supply air to specific segments of the lung. Bronchioles : Smaller airways that branch off the tertiary bronchi, leading to the alveoli. They lack cartilage and are surrounded by smooth muscle.

9. c) Alveoli Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange occurs. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries. Function : Oxygen from the inhaled air passes through the alveolar walls into the blood, while carbon dioxide from the blood is expelled into the alveoli to be exhaled.

10. d) Lungs Two spongy organs located in the thoracic cavity, each divided into lobes (three on the right, two on the left). Pleura : A double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs. The outer layer (parietal pleura) lines the chest cavity, and the inner layer (visceral pleura) covers the lungs. The space between them, the pleural cavity, contains fluid that reduces friction during breathing. Diaphragm : A dome-shaped muscle at the base of the lungs that contracts and flattens during inhalation to increase the thoracic cavity's volume, allowing air to flow into the lungs.

11. 3. Respiratory Muscles Diaphragm : The primary muscle of respiration, responsible for expanding the thoracic cavity during inhalation. Intercostal Muscles : Muscles located between the ribs that help expand and contract the chest cavity during breathing. Accessory Muscles : Muscles in the neck, chest, and abdomen that assist in breathing, especially during heavy breathing or respiratory distress.

12. Definition of terms Respiratory System: The respiratory system is a group of organs and tissues that work together to facilitate the exchange of gases—primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide—between the body and the environment. 2. Respiratory Tract; The respiratory tract refers to the passageway through which air travels from the external environment to the lungs. It is divided into the upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx) and the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli).

13. Respiration: Respiration is the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, which includes both external respiration (the exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood) and internal respiration (the exchange of gases between the blood and the body's cells). Respiration also refers to cellular respiration, where cells use oxygen to produce energy from nutrients. 4. Respiratory Rate: The respiratory rate is the number of breaths a person takes per minute. It is an important vital sign used to assess the respiratory function of an individual. The normal respiratory rate for adults typically ranges from 12 to 20 breaths per minute. 5. Dyspnoea : Dyspnoea , or shortness of breath, is a condition where a person experiences difficulty or discomfort in breathing.

14. 6. Apnoea : Apnoea is a temporary cessation of breathing, particularly during sleep. It can be classified as obstructive (due to airway blockage), central (due to lack of respiratory effort), or mixed. Sleep apnoea is a common disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. 7. Hypoxia: Hypoxia refers to a condition where there is a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues of the body. It can result from various causes, including respiratory disorders, high altitudes, or problems with the circulatory system. Symptoms of hypoxia include confusion, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, and cyanosis. 8. Hypoxaemia : Hypoxaemia is a condition characterized by low levels of oxygen in the blood, particularly in the arterial blood. It can lead to hypoxia if not corrected. Causes of hypoxaemia include respiratory diseases, heart conditions, and exposure to high altitudes. It is often measured using an arterial blood gas test or pulse oximetry .