REVIEW OF CELLULAR DIVISION MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS 2023.pdf

OM VERMA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING ABHANPUR RAIPUR C.G

2. GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING
ABHANPUR RAIPUR
REVIEW OF CELLULAR DIVISION
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
PRESENTED BY
OM VERMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

6. R3 G= 1. Repair 2. Replacement 2. Replacement 3. Reproduction
4. Growth

7. HOW CELLS DIVIDE TWO PROCESS
Vegetative cell division
Reproductive cell division
( Mitosis) other name vegetative cell division producing daughter cells genetically identical to the
( Meiosis ) other name is
Reproductive cell division is the type
of cell division that creates egg and
(Somatic cells ) Mitosis Meiosis
( creates haploid cells) 23 cro
daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell,
of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells. Mitosis is a fundamental
process for life.
( creates diploid cells) 46 chromosomes

8. MITOSIS MITOSIS

9. 1.Each daughter cells genetically identical to parent cel l (
replica or each other )
2. Equitational division ( HUMAN BODY Total 46 chromosomes )
equal divided Parents cell and 46 -46 chromosomes
Daughter cells Daughter cells 3. Have same number of chromosome as in parent cell.
4. Good for basic growth ,repair and maintenance.
5. Create Diploid daughter cells

10. MITOSIS Cell division ,cell reproduction, cell multiplication is a process
of formation of new daughter cells from the pre-exist ing or
parent cells during the division of a cell DNA replicat ion ( copy
) and growth also takes place
CELL CYCLE Journey of a cell from its origin to its division i nto daughter cells.
One single cells divided two daughter cells

12. One cycle is divided mainly in
two
phases :-

INTERPHASE

INTERPHASE

M-PHASE

13. INTERPHASE
( preparatory phase 23 hours )
Inter phase is a series of changes that takes place
in a newly form cell and its nuclear before it
becomes capable of division again . becomes capable of division again . Period between
CELL DIVISION
where cell grows
and engages in various metabolic activities
Interphase refers to the phase of the
cell cycle
in
which a cell copies its DNA to prepare for mitosis.

14. INTERPHASE IS DIVIDED IN TO 3 PHASE : -
G1 -
Phase ( Gap growth –1 )
S
-
Phase ( Synthesis Interphase )
S
-
Phase ( Synthesis Interphase )
G2 -
Phase ( Gap growth –2 )

15. G1 -
Phase –cell is metabolically active and grows
continuously protein synthesis occurs most of the cells
organelles increase in numbers ( duplicate ) . Usually last for
8 to 10 hrs. S -
Phase ( synthesis phase ) - synthesis of different
proteins and enzymes required for DNA replication and proteins and enzymes required for DNA replication and centrosomereplication the amount of DNA per cell doubles
chromosomes duplication Duration 9 hours
G2 -
Phase –proteins are synthesis cell grows continuous
and prepares for mitosis duration 4 hours .

16. Quiescent Stage (G0): The cells that do not undergo further division exit s the
G1 phase and enters an inactive stage. This stage i s
known as the quiescent stage (G
0
) of the cell cycle.
known as the quiescent stage (G
0
) of the cell cycle.

17. M-PHASE ( Dividing phase 1 hour )
(mitosis )
Equitational final phase division Period of active CELL DIVISION Mitosis is
a type of cell division in which one cell (the
Mitosis is
a type of cell division in which one cell (the
mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daugh ters)
that are genetically identical to itself. In the co ntext of the
cell cycle, mitosis is the part of the division pro cess in
which the DNA of the cell's nucleus is split into t wo equal
sets of chromosomes.

18. MITOSIS -4 sub phase
KARYOKINESIS
Is
the step during cell division where
the nucleus divides to form two daughter nuclei.
1
ST
P
-
Prophase
CYTOKINESIS
Cell
1
ST
P
-
Prophase
2
ND
M-
Metaphase
3
RD
A-
Anaphase
4
TH
T-
Telophase
Cell
cytoplasm
division

19. PROPHASE Prophase isthe first phase of mitosis,
1. Nuclear envelope disintegrates
2. Chromatin condenses to form
( change )chromosomes
3. Centrioles move towards the
Mitotic spindle fibers

20. 2.Change
1.Nuclear envelope
disintegrates
3. Centrioles move
towards the
Mitotic spindle fibers
Mitotic spindle fibers

21. Metaphase isa second stage during the
process of cell division(mitosis or meiosis).
Normally, individual chromosomes are spread
out in the cell nucleus. During metaphase, the
METAPHASE
out in the cell nucleus. During metaphase, the nucleus dissolves and the cell's chromosomes
condense and move together, aligning in the
center of the dividing cell.

22. During
metaphase, the
nucleus
dissolves and
the cell's
chromosomes
condense and condense and move together,
aligning in the
center of the
dividing cell.

23. Anaphase is the third stage of mitosis
after the process of metaphase, when
replicated chromosomes are split and the
ANAPHASE
replicated chromosomes are split and the newly-copied chromosomes are moved to
opposite poles of the cell

24. Anaphase is a
stage of cell
division that
occurs after
metaphase. It is
characterized by characterized by
chromosomes
separating or
moving towards
opposite poles of
the cell.

25. TELOPHASE
Telophase isthe fourth and final phase of
mitosis, the process that separates the
duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus
of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
Telophase begins once the replicated, paired
chromosomes have been separated and pulled to
opposite sides, or poles, of the cell.

26. Telophase begins
once the
replicated, paired
chromosomes
have been have been
separated and
pulled to opposite
sides, or poles, of
the cell.

27. MEIOSIS MEIOSIS

28. MEIOSIS
1.Parent cell divide into four daughter cells
2. All daughter cells have half number of chromosom es
(
Four Daughter cells
each chromosome divided
(
Four Daughter cells
each chromosome divided
half number of chromosomes e.g. 46 chromosome
half 23 chromosome it is called reductional
division )
3. Important for sexual reproduction

30. Germ cells differentiate to produce
male and female gametes, sperm
and unfertilized eggs (oocytesor
ova), and undergo meiosis to ova), and undergo meiosis to producea haploid set of
chromosomes

33. The leptotenestage, also known as the
leptonema, is the first of five substages of
prophase I in meiosis. In the
leptotene
LEPTOTENE
prophase I in meiosis. In the
leptotene
stage,chromosomes become visible in
the form of thread-like structures

35. Zygotenecomesunder the second stage Prophase
-
1 of meiosis
. It is followed by
ZYGOTENE
Prophase
-
1 of meiosis
. It is followed by
the stage of leptotenehomologous
chromosomes (one from mother and one
from father) come together and pair.

36. During this phase
whichhomologouschr
omosomes
begin to
omosomes
begin to
pair.

37. PACHYTENE
Isthe third stage of meiosis prophase-1
(a five-stage process). It is preceded by the
zygotenestage, where synapsis, i.e. pairing of
homologous chromosomes take place.
( he
homologous chromosomes take place.
( he
fusion ofchromosome
pairs )In the pachytene
stage, the tetrad formed due to synapsisbecome
distinct ( separate )and four chromatids become
clearly visible.

38. In the pachytenestage,
the tetrad formed due
to synapsisbecome
distinct ( separate )and
four
chromatids
four
chromatids
(Chromosomes )
become clearly visible.

39. DIPLOTENE The fourth stage of
theprophase
ofmeiosis,
followingpachytene
, during which the
homologous paired
chromosomes
begin
homologous paired
chromosomes
begin
to separate and chiasmatainto two pairs
ofchromatids
.

40. During which the
homologous
pairedchromosomes
begin to separate
and chiasmatainto
two pairs
ofchromatids
(
chromosomes ).

41. DIAKINESIS
The fifth and last stage of
theprophase
ofmeiosis
, followingdiplotene
,
when the separation
of
homologous
chromosomes
is complete and
of
homologous
chromosomes
is complete and
crossing over has occurred. Separation (
chiasmata) terminalization After diakinesis, the
dividing cell enters metaphase.

42. Separation (
chiasmata)
terminalization
After After
diakinesis, the
dividing cell
enters
metaphase.

44. Anaphase -1

45. During telophaseI,the chromosomes are
enclosed in nuclei. The cell now undergoes a
process called cytokinesisthat divides the
cytoplasm of the original cell into two daughter
TELOPHASE-1
cytoplasm of the original cell into two daughter
cells. Each daughter cell is haploid and has only
one set of chromosomes, or half the total number
of chromosomes of the original cell.

48. Cytokinesisisthe physical process of
cell division, which divides the
cytoplasm of a parental cell into two
CYTOKINESIS
cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells. It occurs concurrently
with two types of nuclear division called
mitosis and meiosis, which occur in
animal cells.

50. Meiosis -II

51. Meiosis IIis the other part of the
meiotic process, divides each
haploid meiotic cell into two
different daughter cells.

52. Prophase II The events of prophase II
are
prophase II
are
similar to mitotic
prophase.

53. Metaphase II
The following are the events
occurring in Metaphase II
1. Chromosomes move to the
centre of the equatorial plate.
2. They get attached to spindle
fibers centromere.
3. The centromeresdivide.

54. Anaphase II
The following are the events
occurring in Anaphase II

55. Telophase II The following are the events occurring
in Telophase II

56. CYTOKINESIS Cytokinesisof the daughter
cells cause the formation of
two cells, in other words
from the two daughter cells from the two daughter cells of the first meiotic division,
four cells are produced
each with haploid set of
chromosomes.