Review of literature

The steps and some information regarding reviewing the literature. Useful for preparing review articles and other research work

1. Review of literature Presenting by, Feba Elsa Mathew M.Pharm 3 rd semester Under the guidance of Dr. Beena. P. Nasim Associate professor Department of Pharmaceutics Nazareth college of Pharmacy 1

2. Contents Definition Importance of Literature Review Purpose of Literature Review Conducting A Literature Review Steps in writing Literature Review What is Citation & Citation style Sources of Literature Review What is plagiarism and How to avoid it 2

3. Definition Review of literature is defined as a recap of what has already been researched on a topic from books , journals, articles or other sources. The review should enumerate, describe summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify the previous research. 3

4. Hart defines it as: “ The selection of available documents on the topic, which contain information, ideas, data and evidence. This selection is written from a particular standpoint to fulfil certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic and how it is be investigated and the effective evaluation of these document in relation to the research being proposed” 4

5. Importance of Literature Review To find out for yourself what’s already known about the topic. To give reader critical overview of what you found. To find out what’s missing (gap). 5

6. Purpose of the Literature Review Demonstrate your familiarity with topic and scholarly. Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research. Position yourself in relation to other researchers and theorists. Show how your research addresses a gap or contribute to a debate. 6

7. Conducting A Literature Review 7

8. For Good Literature Review Remember the purpose Read With a Purpose Write with a Purpose 8

9. Need an already defined topic Make a list of keywords Search for relevant sources Read the abstract Identify the most important publications Take a note of recurring citation Seek them out Step 1: Search for relevant literature 9

10. Useful databases to search for journal Chemistry literature databases SciFinder ChemIDplus PubChem DrugBank Reaxys Drug information Micromedex Lexi-Comp 10

11. Biology literature databases Biosis Citation Index Web of sciences Faculty of 1000 OMIM Clinical Health Sciences Literature Databases PubMed@USC International Pharmacological Abstract (Ovid) ToxNet Google Scholar PsycINFO Embase Herbal Databases Natural Medicines Phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases Dietary Supplements Labels Databases (DSLD) 11

12. Additional databases U. S. Patent and Trademark Office DrugBank Drug Industry Document Archive (DIDA) Clinical Trials.gov Protein Data Bank (PDB) Google Patents Scopus NIH RePORTer - Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools JSTOR 12

13. You can use Boolean operators to help narrow down your research AND OR NOT - + “ ” 13

14. Step 2: Evaluate and Select Sources Ask yourself What question or problem is the author addressing ? What are the key concepts and how are they defined ? What are the key theories, models and methods? What are the results and conclusions of the study? How does the publication related to other literature in the field? How does the publication contribute to your understanding? What are the key insights and arguments? What are the strengths and weakness of the research? Make sure the sources you use are credible Take notes and cite your sources Keep track of your sources with citation to avoid plagiarism and helpful in making bibliography 14

15. What is citation & Citation Styles A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual works that you utilized to support your research It can also be used to locate particular sources and combat plagiarism. Typically, a citation can include the author’s name, date, location of the publishing company, journal title or DOI ( Digital Object Identifier) Citation formats are APA – American Psychological Association Vancouver (numeric) referencing MLA – Modern Language Association American Meteorological Society (AMS) style Chicago style Harvard referencing MHRA reference for English Literature, Film, Theatre and Television OSCOLA reference Oxford reference 15

16. APA Style 16

17. Vancouver referencing 17

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19. Identify more important publications on your topic take note on recurring citations. If same Authors , Books, Articles are keep appearing in your reading make sure to seek. You can also look at how many times the articles has been cited in Google Scholar, if the number of citation high the article is probably influential in the field and definitely include that article in your literature review 19

20. The guidelines to follow while writing in-text citation Ensure that the spelling of authors names and the publication dates in reference list entries match those in the corresponding in-text citations. Cite only works that you have read and ideas that you have incorporated into your writing. Include only those citations needed to support your immediate point, since it is difficult for readers using screen reader. Cite primary sources when possible, and site secondary sources sparingly. Cites sources to documents all facts and figures that you mention. To cite a specific part of a source provide author-date citation. Even when sources cannot be retrieved, still credit them in the text. 20

21. Step 3: Identify themes, Debates & Gaps Connections and relationship of sources Organising your literature review argument and structure Trends and patterns Themes Debates, conflicts and contradictions Pivotal publications Gaps 21

22. Step 4: Outline Literature Review’s structure Various approaches to organising the body of a literature review Chronological – organising by time Thematic – organising by themes Methodological – organising by methodology Theoretical – organise by theoretical method 22

23. Step 5: Write Literature Review Introduction Should be clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review Body Body divide into subsections Summarize and synthesize Analyse and interpret Identify the main ideas of the literature Critically evaluate Write in well-structured paragraph 23

24. Style and language of literature Use formal and English Be concise and precise Be cautions Avoid emotive and value-ridden language Check grammar and syntax make clear connections between ideas 24

25. Conclusion You should summarize the key finding you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance. 25

26. PLAGIARISM Plagiarism is the representation of another author's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work. Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and a breach of journalistic ethics Without crediting the source Types of PLAGIARISM Verbatim plagiarism Patchwork plagiarism Paraphrasing plagiarism Global plagiarism Self plagiarism 26

27. How to avoid plagiarism? Keep track of your source Quote & paraphrase Plagiarism checker Turnitin Scribbr 27

28. Quoting T aking the exact words from an original source is called  quoting . Use quotation mark Cite author(s) correctly 28

29. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is a rewriting of a specific passage from original one It is written in your own words without changing the original meaning or removing any information. 29

30. Reference https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp/apa7 https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_review https://www.scribbr.com/mla-citation-generator/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnitin https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp#:~:text=Typically%2C%20a%20citation%20can%20include,as%20punctuation%20and%20other%20formatting . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DhMl3eIcGbI&list=PLjBMY3HggCpCI-AOVnhpMSei1G4kNhGvI&index=3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiM0x0ApVL8&list=PLjBMY3HggCpCI-AOVnhpMSei1G4kNhGvI&index=4 Research methodology and biostatics Dr. Vinod Bais , page no:26-34 30

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