REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Different types of reviews of literature and it's sources are included in this PowerPoint. A review of the literature is an inevitable part of the research process.

1. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Ms. AMEENA KADAR K A THIRD SEM M PHARM DEPT. OF PHARMACY PRACTICE SANJO COLLEGEE OF PHARMACEUTICAL STUDIES

2. AMEENA KADAR K A 2 INTRODUCTION Review of Literature is one of the most important steps in the research process. It is account of what is already known about a particular phenomenon. The main purpose of literature review is to convey to the readers about the work already done and the knowledge and ideas that have been already establishes in a particular topic of research. It is a laborious task, but it is essential if the research process is to be successful. Before starting any research, a literature review of previous studies and experiences related to the proposed investigations has to be done.

3. AMEENA KADAR K A 3 DEFINITION A literature review is an account of what has been already established or published on a particular research topic by accredited scholars and researchers . ( Taylor, 2001) Literature review is defined as a broad, comprehensive, in depth, systematic critique and synthesis of scholarly publications, unpublished, print and online materials, audiovisual materials and personal communications . ( Jesson , Matheson and Lacey, 2011 ) A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of knowledge on a particular research topic . ( Creswell, 2013)

4. AMEENA KADAR K A 4 IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE REVIEW

5. AMEENA KADAR K A 5 PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW

6. AMEENA KADAR K A 6 TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW Traditional or narrative literature review Systematic literature review Meta-analysis Meta-synthesis Umbrella review Integrated review Scoping review.

7. AMEENA KADAR K A 7 TRADITIONAL OR NARRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW It presents the summary of literature and draws conclusions about the topic in question. In this, the body of literature is composed of a summary of facts on the subject area from the primary and secondary sources. The main aim of this type of literature review is to gather a volume of literature in a specific subject area, summarizing and synthesizing it . The primary purpose of traditional literature review is to offer a comprehensive background of subject under study to understand the subject area, identify gaps, inconsistencies in body of knowledge and high- lighting the significance of the new research question.

8. AMEENA KADAR K A 8 T raditional literature is essential for getting in-depth insight into the subject area, refining the research question and hypotheses and support the importance of new research through identifying the gaps and inconsistencies in existing literature. It is also believed that traditional literature review is also useful for developing conceptual and theoretical frameworks.

9. AMEENA KADAR K A 9 SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW It is systematic and rigorous approach to literature review in a specific subject area. The main aim is to find the answer for well-focused questions of clinical practice. It is suggested that a systematic review should include the methods used for searching, evaluating and synthesizing the literature. Contrary to narrative literature review, the systemic review uses explicit and rigorous criteria to identify, critically evaluate and synthesize all the published and unpublished literature available on a particular topic of interest.

10. AMEENA KADAR K A 10 STEPS INVOLVED IN SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

11. AMEENA KADAR K A 11 META-ANALYSIS It is an advanced form of systemic literature, which includes a large body of findings from the quantitative studies and computes the statistical analysis in order to draw the integrated and cumulative inferences and conclusion. The main aim of meta-analysis is to involve findings of several quantitative studies on single subject area and carry out statistical computations on them using standardized statistical techniques and procedures.

12. AMEENA KADAR K A 12 OVERVIEW OF META-ANALYSIS

13. AMEENA KADAR K A 13 META-SYNTHESIS It is a non-statistical technique used to integrate, evaluate and interpret the findings of multiple qualitative research studies. Findings from the phenomenological, grounded theory or ethnographic studies may be integrated and used. Such studies may be combined to identify their common core elements and themes. Unlike meta-analysis, where the ultimate intention is to reduce findings, meta-synthesis involves analyzing and synthesizing key elements in each study, with the aim of transforming individual findings into new conceptualizations and interpretation.

14. AMEENA KADAR K A 14 STEPS INVOLVED IN META-SYNTHESIS

15. AMEENA KADAR K A 15 UMBRELLA REVIEW It is the review of previously published systematic reviews or meta-analyses and they are considered highest level of evidence synthesis. Recently, umbrella reviews are becoming quite popular among researchers of health care disciplines to overcome the problem of several inconclusive systematic review and meta-analysis on particular topic. It is important for the researchers to remember that umbrella reviews are rarely required .

16. AMEENA KADAR K A 16 STEPS OF UMBRELLA REVIEW

17. AMEENA KADAR K A 17 INTEGRATED REVIEW This is a specific type of review method, where existing observational and experimental evidences are integrated to obtain better and deeper understanding of a particular phenomenon to promote applicability in practices. Integrated reviews have several limitations but they are commonly used by nurses to develop evidence-based nursing practice guidelines.

18. AMEENA KADAR K A 18   SCOPING REVIEW It is an extensive synthesis of large, complex, diverse and heterogeneous research evidences, where results are presented through logical diagrams, tables and descriptions. Unlike mapping review, it is a topic-based evidence synthesis method rather than a question-based review, which comprehensively synthesizes evidence and also may identify gaps in exiting literature.

19. AMEENA KADAR K A 19 SOURCES OF LITERATURE REVIEW Literature can be reviewed from two main sources: Primary Sources Secondary Sources Tertiary Sources

20. AMEENA KADAR K A 20 PRIMARY SOURCES These are the original, peer-reviewed and published research journal articles reported by original researchers. Primary sources are the research reports, which are description of studies written by researchers who conducted them. Most primary sources are found in published literature. A credible literature review reflects the use of mainly primary sources. Adverse drug reaction reports are an example of primary literature and these can be published in journals or contributed to pharmacovigilance centres.

21. AMEENA KADAR K A 21 Primary literature can be seen as the building block on which medical science (and therefore clinical practice) is based. It is essential to understand its nature and to be able to critically analyze its content using the full text of reports. Primary literature provides a ‘first look’ at how clinical practice may evolve but it must be constantly monitored and interpreted carefully. Eg; Patents, conference papers/posters, journal articles reporting original research, case reports, clinical trial protocols, etc.

22. AMEENA KADAR K A 22 2. SECONDARY SOURCES These are research documents, description of studies prepared by someone other than the original researcher. They are written by people other than the individuals who developed the theory or conducted the research. It includes the comments and summaries of multiple research studies on one topic, for example, systemic reviews, meta-analysis, meta-synthesis, etc. Secondary sources are usually paraphrased and may be based on the secondary author's interpretation of the primary work; it is necessary then to review primary source whenever possible to ensure accuracy.

23. AMEENA KADAR K A 23 However, secondary sources may be used when primary sources are not available or if researchers want external opinions on an issue or problem or even the results of their own research. The main sources from where literature can be searched are as: Electronic sources Printed Sources .

24. AMEENA KADAR K A 24 ELECTRONIC SOURCES Computer-assisted literature search has revolutionized the review of literature. Electronic literature search through web may be very useful, currently it is one of the most important sources of literature searches. General literature search can be conducted through search engines, like Google (www.google.com), Yahoo (www.yahoosearch.com), and MSN search, Lycos, Web- Crawler, Alta Vista or Excite .

25. AMEENA KADAR K A 25 A search engine is a collection of software programs that collect information from the Web, index it and put it in a format that is accessible visually on screen at an on-site library or in downloadable, readable written format. A database is an organized body of related information arranged for speed of access and retrieval. Database is a storage location like a library, where information is stored, catalogued, maintained and uploaded systematically. The two main types of databases that are available are bibliographic and full-text databases .

26. AMEENA KADAR K A 26 Bibliographic database gives only direction on where to find the information, whereas full- text database contains the information itself (full research articles in downloadable format). The most useful and relevant databases are as follows: CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature). MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieved System Online PubMed Medline Plus Cochrane database of system reviews Web of science ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Databases EMBASE

27. AMEENA KADAR K A 27 b) PRINTED SOURCES. Printed research summary may be located from published abstracts, such as Pharmacy Research Abstract, Psychological Abstracts, Dissertation Abstract International, Masters Abstract International, etc. The main printed sources that can be used to review the relevant literature are: Journals : Eg : International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indian Journal of Pharmacology. Research Reports

28. AMEENA KADAR K A 28 Unpublished dissertation and theses Magazines and newspapers Conferences papers and proceedings Encyclopedia and dictionaries Books.

29. AMEENA KADAR K A 29 Tertiary resources are summaries of the primary and secondary published literature. Printed textbooks are the main example and these are characterized by a slow rate of revision compared to secondary sources. Although they are revised less frequently, these texts tend to be more comprehensive and should undergo a more thorough review and editing process than secondary sources. Many major textbooks are now published electronically as well as in print, so sections can be updated progressively rather than waiting for a complete revision at the time of printing (usually every 3–5 years).

30. AMEENA KADAR K A 30 STEPS OF LITERATURE REVIEW

31. AMEENA KADAR K A 31 APPROACHES OF ORGANIZING THE LITERATURE REVIEW A literature review is a piece of discursive prose, not a list describing or summarizing one piece of literature after another. It should have a single organizing principle: Thematic -  organize around a topic or issue Chronological  - sections for each vital time period Methodological   - focus on the methods used by the researchers/writers.

32. AMEENA KADAR K A 32 REFERENCES Nursing Research and Statistics by Suresh K Sharma; 4 th Edition, Elsevier Publications, Page No.78-88. A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, Essential Concepts and Skills by G Parthasarathi, Karin Nyfort -Hansen, Milap C Nahata , University Press, 2 nd Edition, Page No. 328- 329. THANK YOU!