Review of literature final research methodology

Pharmacy

1. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Maliba Pharmacy College Uka Tarsadia University Presented by: Bhumi Ahir Krutika Patil Shivangi Shrivastav Nilesh Shah Guided by: Dr. Ditixa Desai 1

2. : Introduction to literature review Meaning of literature review Definition Importance Purpose Types Sources Steps of literature review What should be included in literature review/how to write it ? What is citation and citation style? What is plagiarism and how to avoid it ? CONTENTS 2

3. Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process. It is an account of what is already known about a particular phenomenon. The main purpose of literature review is to convey to the readers about the work already done & the knowledge & ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of research. Literature review is a laborious task, but it is essential if the research process is to be successful. Meaning: A review of literature is description and analysis of the literature relevant to a particular field or topic. It provides an overview of what world already had been carried out, who are the key researchers who did that work. INTRODUCTION 3

4. The review of literature is a summary of all the reviews from various research literatures related to the current study carried out by a researcher. It helps to discover what is already known about the research problem and what more has to be done. According to Abdellah and Levine, the material gathered in literature review should be included as a part of the research data, since it influence the problem and research design it can be used to compare the results and findings for the current study. 4

5. Characteristics of a good quality review of literature: A good review of literature must be comprehensive It should include up-to-date references It should be systematic It should be reproducible It should be free from bias It should be well written It should be in the form of sum of its parts It should be clearly searched and selected Accurate references should be given in the review 5

6. It is actually the reading of the work of others before commencing on our own research work Literature review can pave the way for better research. It can help in identifying the relevance of the research. What is literature review? A review tells the reader that the researcher knows the research in the area. A good review increases a reader's confidence in the researcher's professional competence, ability and background. A good review places a research project in a context and demonstrates its relevance by making connections to a body of knowledge. MEANING OF LITERATURE REVIEW 6

7. A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of knowledge on a particular topic of research. (ANA, 2000) A literature review is an account of what has been already established or published on a particular research topic by accredited scholars and researchers. (UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, 2001) A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in the literature related to selected area of study. The review describes, summarizes, evaluates & clarifies this literature. It gives a theoretical base for the research & helps to determine the nature of research (Queensland University, 1999) DEFINITION OF LITERATURE REVIEW 7

8. IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE REVIEW Literature reviews provide a handy guide to a particular topic. For professionals they are useful reports that keep the up-to date with what is current in field. Review relevant literature can help in fulfillment of the following objective: Identification research problem and development or refinement of research questions. Generation of fulfill research questions or projects/activities for the discipline. Determination of any gaps or inconsistencies in body of knowledge. Development of hypothesis to be tested in research study. Helps in planning the methodology of the present research study. 8

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11. TYPES OF LITERATURE REVIEW Narrative Review Critical Review Scoping Review Conceptual Review State-the-Art Review Argumentative Review Integrative Review Historical Review Methodological Review Theoretical literature Review Quantitative or Qualitative Meta-analysis Review Systematic literature review 11

12. NARRATIVE REVIEW The Literature Review or Narrative Review often appears as a chapter in a thesis or dissertation. It describes what related research has already been conducted, how it informs the thesis, and how the thesis fits into the research in the field. CRITICAL REVIEW Is like a literature review, but requires a more detailed examination of the literature, in order to compare and evaluate a number of perspectives. SCOPING REVIEW Is often used at the beginning of an article, dissertation or research proposal. It is conducted before the research begins, and sets the stage for this research by highlighting gaps in the literature, and explaining the need for the research about to be conducted, which is presented in the remainder of the article. 12

13. CONCEPTUAL REVIEW Groups articles according to concepts, or categories, or themes. It identifies the current understanding' of the given research topic, discusses how this understanding was reached, and attempts to determine whether a greater understanding can be suggested. It provides a snapshot of where things are with this particular field of research. STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW Is conducted periodically, with a focus on the most recent research. It describes what is currently known, understood, or agreed upon regarding the research topic, and highlights where are there still disagreements. 13

14. ARGUMENTATIVE REVIEW This form examines literature selectively in order to support or refute an argument, deeply imbedded assumption, or philosophical problem already established in the literature. The purpose is to develop a body of literature that establishes a contrarian viewpoint. Given the value-laden nature of some social science research [e.g., educational reform; immigration control], argumentative approaches to analyzing the literature can be a legitimate and important form of discourse. However, note that they can also introduce problems of bias when they are used to make summary claims of the sort found in systematic reviews 14

15. INTEGRATIVE REVIEW Considered a form of research that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new frameworks and perspectives on the topic are generated. The body of literature includes all studies that address related or identical hypotheses. A well-done integrative review meets the same standards as primary research in regard to clarity, rigor, and replication. HISTORICAL REVIEW Few things rest in isolation from historical precedent. Historical reviews are focused on examining research throughout a period of time, often starting with the first time an issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the scholarship of a discipline. 15

16. The purpose is to place research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and to identify the likely directions for future research. METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW A review does not always focus on what someone said [content], but how they said it [method of analysis]. This approach provides a framework of understanding at different levels (i.e. those of theory, substantive fields, research approaches and data collection and analysis techniques) It enables researchers to draw on a wide variety of knowledge ranging from the conceptual level to practical documents for use in fieldwork in the areas of ontological and epistemological consideration, quantitative and qualitative integration, sampling, interviewing, data collection and data analysis. It helps highlight many ethical issues which we should be aware of and consider as we go through our study. 16

17. THEORETICAL LITERATURE REVIEW Focuses on a pool of theory that has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. Theoretical literature reviews play an instrumental role in establishing what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. At the earlier parts of the literature review chapter, you need to specify the type of your literature review and provide reasons for your choice. Your choice of a specific type of literature review should be based upon your research area, research problem and research methods. Also, you can briefly discuss other most popular types of literature review mentioned above. 17

18. QUANTITATIVE OR QUALITATIVE META-ANALYSIS REVIEW Both are thorough and comprehensive in condensing and making sense of a large body of research. The quantitative meta-analysis reviews quantitative research, is objective, and includes statistical analysis. The qualitative meta-analysis reviews qualitative research, is subjective (or evaluative, or interpretive), and identifies new themes or concepts. SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Requires more rigorous and well-defined approach compared to most other types of literature review. Systematic literature review is comprehensive and details the timeframe within which the literature was selected. 18

19. Systematic literature review can be divided into two categories: META-ANALYSIS META-SYNTHESIS When you conduct meta-analysis you take findings from several studies on the same subject and analyze these using standardized statistical procedures. In meta-analysis patterns and relationships are detected and conclusions are drawn. Meta-analysis is associated with deductive research approach. Meta-synthesis, on the other hand, is based on non-statistical techniques. This technique integrates, evaluates and interprets findings of multiple qualitative research studies. Meta-synthesis literature review is conducted usually when following inductive research approach. 19

20. SOURCES OF LITERATURE PRIMARY SOURCE SECONDARY SOURCE Literature review mostly relies on primary sources. It is written by the person who developed the theory or conducted the research (original author). Most primary sources are found in published literature. These are the studies prepared by someone other than original researcher. It is used when primary source is unavailable. 20

21. PRIMARY SOURCE SECONDARY SOURCE Research articles Thesis Books Monographs Educational journals Dissertation Encyclopedia of education Education indexes Abstracts Bibliographies Bibliographical references and quotations EXAMPLES: 21

22. STEPS OF LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Findings and searching 2. Thematic organisation 3. More reading 4. Write individual sections 5. Integrate sections REVIEW OF LITERATURE 22

23. STEP 1: Findings and searching At this stage, researchers read articles, books and other types of literature related to the topic of research and write a brief critical synopsis of each review. After going through the reading list, researchers will have an annotation of each source of related literature. STEP 2: Thematic organisation At this stage, researchers try to find common themes of research topic and organise the literature under these themes, subthemes or categories. 23

24. Here, researchers try to organise literature under themes, which relate to each other and are arranged in a chronological manner. Researchers try to establish coherence between themes and literature discussed under these themes. STEP 3: More reading Based on the knowledge gained through primary reading, researchers have a better understanding about the research topic and the literature related to it. At this stage, researchers try to discover specific literature materials relevant to the field of study or research methodologies which are more relevant for their research. 24

25. They look for more literature by those authors, on those methodologies, etc. Also, the researchers may be able to set aside some less relevant areas or articles which they pursued initially. STEP 4: Write individual sections At this stage, researchers start writing the literature under each thematic section by using previously collected draft of annotations. Here they organise the related articles under each theme by ensuring that every article is related to each other. Furthermore, related articles may be grouped together by ensuring the coherence between different segments of the literature abstracts. 25

26. STEP 5: Integrate sections In this section, researchers have a list of the thematic sections and they tie them together with an introduction, conclusion and some additions and revisions in the sections to show how they relate to each other and to the overall theme. 26

27. HOW TO WRITE LITERATURE REVIEW ? ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION BODY CONCLUSION 27

28. INTRODUCTION: Give a quick idea of the topic of literature review, such as the central theme or organisational pattern. BODY: Contains discussions of sources and is organised either chronologically, thematically or methodologically. CONCLUSION: Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing literature so far. Where might discussion proceed? 28

29. By its very nature, motivation requires a degree of individual satisfaction or narcissism . Robbins, Millet, Cacioppe and Waters-Marsh (1998) suggest that motivation has as its very basis the need to focus on, and please the self. This is supported by Shaw, Shaphard and Waugaman (2000) who contend that this narcissistic drive is based on the human effort to find personal significance in life. It can be argued that the desire to improve one’s status is a highly motivational force, and is central to the idea of narcissistic motivation. The narcissistic motivational strategies put forward by Shaw et al. (2000) are concerned with motivation for life in general, but may also have applications in the context of work. These strategies, with their focus on personal needs, demonstrate that narcissism is an essential component of motivation. Topic sentence- outlining the main claim or key point for that paragraph First statement of evidence from literature Second statement of evidence from literature Student analysis Concluding statement 29

30. A  citation  is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual works that you utilized to support your research. It can also be used to locate particular sources and combat plagiarism. Typically, a citation can include the author's name, date, location of the publishing company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A  citation style  dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting. OBJECTIVES: To study different styles of referencing used To get the appropriate format of reference or presenting To know the difference between different styles used WHAT IS CITATION AND CITATION STYLE? 30

31. To support all significant statements To know the origin of the work A referencing style is a specific format for presenting in- text references (footnotes or endnotes), and bibliography It is an act of referring What is reference ? The action of mentioning or alluding to something. The use of a source of information in order to ascertain something. NEED OF REFERENCES Proves that substantial research has been done to support our analysis Enables others to follow up on our work Gives credit to other people's work 31

32. Avoids charges of plagiarism Required to support all significant statements Used to indicate the origin of material & source for research & further TYPES OF reference Journal Reference Book Reference Internet Reference 32

33. REFERENCE ELEMENTS Authors name Article title Journal name Year Volume Issue Page numbers DIFFERENT STYLES OF WRITING referenceS Harvard style of referencing. American Psychological Association style(APA) Vancouver style MLA citation style (Modern Language Association) The Chicago manual of style 33

34. HARVARD STYLE OF REFERENCING Author's name followed by its initials Year of publication Article title with single quotation mark followed by full stop Name of Journal in italic form Volume followed by a comma Issue number in bracket Page number EXAMPLE: Shin, K.R., Ha, J.Y. and Kim, K.H. (2005). ‘A Longitudinal Study of Critical Thinking Dispositions & Critical Thinking Skills in Baccalaureate Nursing Students’. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 35(2),page no.382. 34

35. VANCOUVER STYLE Author Surname followed by Initials. Title of article followed by double quotation. Title of journal (abbreviated). Date of Publication followed by double quotation. Volume Number. Issue Number in bracket. Page Number. EXAMPLE: Shin KR, Ha JY, Kim KH. “A Longitudinal Study of Critical Thinking Dispositions & Critical Thinking Skills in Baccalaureate Nursing Students”. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2005;35 (2):382. 35

36. MLA citation style (modern language association) Authors name. Title of article. Name of journal. Volume number followed by decimal & issue number. Year of publication. Page numbers. Medium of publication. EXAMPLE: Shin, Kyung Rim, et al. "A Longitudinal Study of Critical Thinking Dispositions & Critical Thinking Skills in Baccalaureate Nursing Students." Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, vol. 35, no. 2, 2005, p.382, https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2005.35.2.382. 36

37. It is taking someone else's work and trying to pass it off as your own, without giving credit to them. This can apply to anything, from assignments to films to songs, even ideas! Plagiarism is a violation of copyright, and a serious academic misconduct. PLAGIARISM T YPES OF PLAGIARISM Copying Patchwork/ patchwriting Paraphrasing Unintentional Self-Plagiarism 37

38. COPYING: Copy-pasting something as it is and putting your name on it. Can be translations too. PATCHWORK: In patchwork plagiarism/ patch writing, the plagiarizer borrows the “phrases and clauses from the original source and weaves them into their own writing” without putting the phrases in quotation marks or citing the original author. 38

39. EXAMPLE: (ORIGINAL SOURCE) Over the last half-century, the women's health movement has been a powerful driver in health policy linking gender norms to sex differences in health and wellbeing. Even though gender norms also affect males, there has been little emphasis on gender in health policies for males, especially in relation to the mental health of boys and young men. Gender norms around masculinity commonly confer power and status to boys and young men, which might in part explain why norms around masculinity are difficult to shift. Paradoxically , these dominant masculinities carry risks for poor mental health. Globally, the rate of male suicide is two to four times that of females . Rice, S., Oliffe , J., Seidler, Z., Borschmann , R., Pirkis , J., Reavley , N., & Patton, G. (2021). Gender norms and the mentalhealth of boys and young men. The Lancet Public Health, 6(8), e541-542. 39

40. (PATCHWORK PLAGIARISM): Over the previous fifty years, the movement for women's health has played a role in health policy related to gender norms and sex differences in well-being and health. Though gender norms also influence men, there has been less stress on gender in health policies for males, especially in connection to mental health of boys and young males. Gender norms related to masculinity usually confer some power and status to both young men and boys, which may describe why norms of masculinity are difficult to change. Interestingly, these dominant masculinities bring risks for mental health. Worldwide, the suicide rates among men is two to four times compared to that of women 40

41. 3. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing or summarizing another's work without citing the source. When you're in love, you want to tell the world(Sagan, 1994). When people are in love, they want to tell the world(paraphrased, but no citation given). 4. Unintentional When we incorrectly quote a source or when we incorrectly cite Yes, unintentional plagiarism is still plagiarism. 5. Self-Plagiarism Self-Plagiarism/Auto-plagiarism: duplication of previously published work by the same authors) without disclosure or a significant addition of new knowledge 41

42. Avoiding Plagiarism: Use own words as far as possible Be aware of style manuals and formats Cite properly, use a reference management software 42

43. 43 REFERENCE Kothari, C.R., Research Methodology (Methods and Techniques), New Age Publisher Narayana RP, Acharyulu GVRK. Research Methodology and Statistical Tools. 1st ed., Excel books: New Delhi; 2008.

44. 44 THANK YOU!!!