Revised PPT on Application of Genetics in Medicinal Plants... (1).pdf

Application of Genetics and Biotechnology for Improving Medicinal Plants

1. Application of Genetics and
Biotechnology for Improving Medicinal
Plants
Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian
Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
Km Nivedita Verma,
PG Research Scholar(M.Pharm 2 Year)

2. Table of Contents
➢Introduction
➢Techniques and tools used in
medicinal plant improvement
➢How are these tools and techniques
useful for improving medicinal
plants?
➢Ethical and regulatory tolerance
➢Case studies and success stories
➢Challenge and Future Directions
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3. Introduction
Plantsarethe“green chemical factories”
withawiderangeofchemicaldiversitythat
cansupportfood,feed,medicines,and
biomaterialindustries(Nogueiraetal.2018).
Medicinalplantshavebeenusedin
traditionalmedicinesforcenturiestotreat
variousdiseases.Inmodernhealthcare,
medicinalplantsplayasignificantrolein
developingnewdrugsandtherapies.
Classicalbiotechnologytechniqueshave
beenexploitedinbreedingmedicinalplants.
Now,itistimetoapplyfasterbiotechnology-
basedbreedingmethods(BBBMs)tothese
valuableplants.Assessmentofgenetic
diversity,conservation,proliferation,and
overproductionarethemainwaysbywhich
geneticsandbiotechnologycanhelpto
improvemedicinalplantsfaster.
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4. Genetics and biotechnology can be used to improve medicinal plants in a
number of ways, including:
•Increasing the yield of medicinal compounds
•Improving the quality of medicinal compounds
•Developing new medicinal compounds
•Making medicinal plants more resistant to disease
•Genetic markers and DNA fingerprinting
•Genetic markers are specific DNA sequences that can be used to track the
inheritance of genes.
•DNA fingerprinting is a technique that uses genetic markers to identify
individuals or varieties of plants.
•Genetic markers are unique DNA sequences that can be used to track the
inheritance of genes. They are like tags that allow scientists to follow the
movement of genes from parents to offspring. DNA fingerprinting is a
technique that uses genetic markers to identify individuals or varieties of
plants. This technique is similar to human DNA fingerprinting, and it can be
used to identify the parentage of plants, track the spread of diseases, and
ensure the quality of medicinal plant products.
How can genetics and biotechnology be used to improve medicinal plants?
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5. Importance of Medicinal Plants in Primary Health Care
AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization
(WHO)avastmajorityofpeople(about
80%)inthedevelopingworldrelyonherbal
medicinesfortheirprimaryhealthcare
needs.
Thereare89plant-deriveddrugscurrently
prescribedintheindustrializedworld.
Thevaluablesecondarymetabolitesof
medicinalplantsarepromisingmaterialsto
providecontinuousandhigh-qualityhealth,
inadditiontotheircommercialvalue.
But,Medicinalplantshavebeendeprived
duetodomesticationsyndromeandnow
plantbreedersmustcompensateforthese
shortagesbyusingfastermethodsof
biotechnology.Itistimeforresearchersto
discarddiscriminationandutilizemodern
biotechnology-basedmethodstoimprove
medicinalplants
Percentage of plant parts used for
medicinal and other important uses
(Rana et al., 2014)
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6. Overview of the role of genetics and
biotechnology in improving medicinal plants
Khatodia and Khurana et al, 2018
Yang et al., 2022
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7. Fig. Different applications of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and plant tissue culture (PTC)
techniques in the improvement of medicinal plants.
Applied/Applicable genetics and biotechnological
tools in medicinal plants
CENH3 centromere histone H3, COSTREL combinatorial super transformation of
transplastomic recipient lines, CRISPR clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
repeats, Cas CRISPR associated, GWAS genome-wide association, PGRs plant growth
regulators, TALENs transcription activator-like effector nucleases, TILLING targeting-
induced local lesions in genomes, ZFNs zinc-finger nucleases)
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8. Genetic transformation technology and
production of transgenic plants
Direct Gene Transfer
Generation of Transgenic Medicinal plants by particle
bombardment
Particle bombardment procedure was introduced in 1987,
which involved the use of a modified shotgun to
accelerate small(1-4 μm) diameter metal particles into
plant cells at a velocity sufficient to penetrate the cell wall.
Eg. Efficient transformation of the tropane alkaloid-
producing medicinal plant, Hyoscyamus muticus was
achieved by particle bombardment.
(Narusaka et al., 2012)
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9. Generation of Transgenic Medicinal plants by
particle bombardment
Kwon et al., 2018
▪Stable transformation of the
chloroplast by inserting a foreign
gene into the chloroplast genome
was first achieved in the single-cell
green algae, Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii in 1988.
▪More than 40 transgenes have been
stably integrated and expressed
using the tobacco chloroplast
genome to confer desired
agronomic traits or express high
levels of vaccines, antigens, and
biopharmaceuticals.
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10. Genetic Modification for Medicinal Compounds
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11. Marker-assisted breeding
➢Marker-assisted breedinguses DNA markers
associated with desirable traits to select a
plant or animal for inclusion in a breeding
program early in its development. This
approach dramatically reduces the time
required to identify varieties or breeds that
express the desired trait in a breeding
program.
➢Trait Selection: Utilizing genetic markers to
identify and select plants with desired traits,
such as high medicinal compound content or
disease resistance.
➢Accelerated Breeding: Speeding up
traditional breeding programs by using
markers for efficient trait selection.
(Hasan and Choudhary, 2021)
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12. Genomics assisted breeding
Genomic-assisted breeding has indeed
been employed to improve medicinal
plants, aiming to enhance their medicinal
properties, overall yield, resistance to
diseases, and other desirable traits. Here's
how genomic-assisted breeding is applied in
the context of medicinal plants:
➢Genome Sequencing
➢Identification of Medicinally Relevant
Genes
➢Marker Discovery
➢Genotyping and phenotyping Medicinal
Plant Varieties and Medicinal Traits
➢Marker-Trait Association Analysis
➢Selection of Superior Varieties
➢Quality Control and Standardization
(Varshney and Bohra, 2021)
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13. Genome Editing
➢Precision Modification: Applying gene
editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9 for
precise modifications in the plant
genome.
➢Targeted Improvements: Editing genes
to enhance medicinal properties or
introduce beneficial traits.
A technique that enables precise
modifications in plant’s genomes by
targeting specific DNA sequences.
(Daniel and Sebastian, 2023)
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14. Genomic profiling of medicinal plants by DNA
Microarray Technique
Ganie, S.H., Upadhyay, P,et al,2015
DNA microarray was developed in response to
the need for a high throughput, efficient, and
comprehensive strategy that can simultaneously
measure all the genes or a large defined subset,
encoded by genome.
Several methodologies like PCR, Northern blots,
quantitative PCR,SAGE, are used alongside
microarray as research tools. And
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15. Tissue culture and cloning
(Hesami and Naderi,et al 2017)
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16. Micropropagation
The micropropagation procedure in medicinal plants. a The main pathways of invitro
regeneration in different plants. b Factors affecting invitro regeneration system in plants
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17. In vitro culture for secondary metabolite
production
➢Selection of Plant Material
➢Establishment of In Vitro Cultures
➢Optimization of Culture Conditions Temp,light,
humidity
➢Elicitation by adding yeast extract and salicylic
acid
➢Genetic Transformation
➢Bioreactor Systems and Analytical Techniques
➢
(Fazili et al., 2022)
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18. Ploidy Engineering
➢Artificial polyploidy induction can play an
important role in the breeding and
improvement of different medicinal plants
because it not only can increase their
general performance (quantitatively), but
also it can change their chemical
composition (qualitatively).
➢The polyploidization of hairy root cultures
can create an amazing strategy for scaled-
up production of secondary metabolites in
different medicinal plants.
Eg. Brazilian ginseng (Pfafa glomerate),
induced polyploidy led to a 31% increase in
the content of 20-hydroxyecdysone in
comparison to diploid plants.
Niazian et al., 2020
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19. An artificial polyploidy induction, after CRISPR/Cas9-
armed Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root
culture, is a good strategy to create a synthetic biology
system and enhance the secondary metabolite
production of various medicinal plants
A proposed strategy to target enhancement in the
production of secondary metabolites in different
medicinal plants by a combination of artificial polyploidy
and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated CRISPR/Cas9
(Niazian et al, 2019)
Continue….
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20. How these tools and techniques
useful for improving medicinal plants?
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21. Functional food and Nutraceuticals
•Enhanced Nutritional Value:
Modifying plants to improve their nutritional
content, making them valuable as functional
foods.
•Dual Purpose: Integrating medicinal
properties with enhanced nutritional
benefits.
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22. Climate adaptation and stress tolerance
Guenard et al,2022
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23. Benefits of Genetic modification of medicinal
plants
Enhance medicinal properties
Increase Yield
Improving resistance to disease
and pests
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24. Development of an edible vaccines
▪Edible vaccines involve the
process of incorporating the
selected desired genes into
the plants and then enabling
these altered plants to produce
the encoded genes.
▪Offer cost-effective, easily
administrable, storable, and
widely acceptable.
Salim et al., 2023
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25. Case study: Potential application of plant
biotechnology against SARS-CoV-2
Capel et al., 2020.
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26. Future Directions
Future Directions:
➢Gene editing techniques offer precise and efficient methods for modifying plant
genomes.
➢Optimize the production of secondary metabolite in medicinal plants, resulting in higher
potency and purity of medicinal plants.
➢Some of the challenges facing the use of genetics and biotechnology in medicinal plants
include:
➢Public concerns about genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
➢The high cost of research and development
➢The regulatory hurdles associated with bringing new medicinal plant products to market
➢Despite these challenges, the future of genetics and biotechnology in medicinal plants is
bright.
➢New technologies are constantly being developed that will make it easier and cheaper
to improve medicinal plants.
➢The demand for natural and effective herbal medicines is growing, which will provide a
strong incentive for companies to invest in research and development.
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27. TEACHER THE GREATEST INNOVATOR
Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at twenty or
eighty. Anyone who keeps learning stays young.
To teach is to learn twice
Teachers should guide without dictating, and participate
without dominating
The critical factor is not class size but rather the nature of
the teaching as it affects learning.
LEARNING NEVER ENDS
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