Rice fallows - An opportunity for horizontal expansion of pulses

Oral Presentation 17 by Masood Ali at the International Conference on Pulses in Marrakesh, Morocco, 18-20 April 2016

1. Rice fallows- An opportunity for horizontal expansion of pulses Masood Ali, SS Singh Ashutosh Sarker and S K Agrawal ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research Kanpur International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

2. Introduction Distribution of rice fallows Bio-physical and production constraints Research & developmental efforts Technologies in shelf Recommendations Outlines

3. Low-land, mono-cropped rice under rainfed eco-system Remain fallow during winter due to inadequate moisture /excessive moisture in surface soil at planting time of winter crops

4. Assam Jharkhand Chattisgarh Eastern Region s Central Region Costal Peninsula Rice fallows in India (11.65 million ha) Eastern Region : 5.7 m ha Hot dry sub-humid, cool winter, poor drainage, deep Alluvial , mod. calcareous (1200-1700 mm rainfall ) Central Region : 4.4 m ha Dry/moist sub-humid, silty clay-clay, 1200-1600 mm rainfall, cool winter Coastal region : 0.48 m ha Dry sub-humid, mild winter, bi-modal rains (1000-1200 mm), soils mod. alkaline

5. Bio-physical and production constraints in Rice Fallows A. Bio-physical Rainfed ecology High run-off and low moisture storage Water stagnation/excessive moisture in coastal region and low residual moisture in central region Hard soils after puddle rice, develops cracks Low organic matter content Terminal drought & heat stresses

6. B. Production constraints Narrow window for planting Lack of short duration and high yielding varieties Poor plant stand (poor soil-seed contact in relay sowing) No use of fertilizers/chemicals Severe weed infestation including parasitic weeds High incidence of diseases: powdery mildew- urdbean and mungbean, rust- lentil, wilt complex - chickpea Moisture stress and terminal drought

7. C. Socio-economic constraints Resource-poor farmers Lack of credit and market infrastructure Non-availability of critical inputs Scarcity of human labours after rice harvest (migration to urban areas) Lack of mechanization/ draft power Stray cattle

8. Poor plant population in relay sowing

9. Stray animals and un-controlled grazing-a social problem Blue Bull menace

10. Planting system in rice fallows

11. International ICRISAT: Enhancing chickpea production in rainfed rice fallow land of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, 2008 ICARDA: Expanding lentil production in Eastern and North-eastern states under rice based production system in India, 2010 ICARDA: Enhancing grasspea production in Eastern and North-eastern states under rice based production system in India, 2010 OFID-ICARDA: Enhancing pulse production through intensification of rice fallows with pulse as a second crop, 2013, Nepal, Bangladesh R & D Efforts

12. Lentil grown in Rice-fallow Kamrup Manipur

13. Improved v/s local varieties of grasspea across project sites (2013-14 and 2014-15 )

14. Yield advantage in lentil over farmers’ practice across project sites (2013-14 and 2014-15)

15. Glimpses of capacity development No. of capacity development Male Female Total 211 7105 1699 8804

16. National: All India Coordinated Pulse Improvement Project, 1967 AICRP on Mungbean, Urdbean, Lentil, Lathyrus, Rajmash (French bean) and Peas, 1995 Mitigating abiotic stresses and enhancing resource-use efficiency in pulses in rice fallows , 2010 National Food Security Mission, 2007 Brainstorming meeting on rice fallows, 2013 Strategy workshop on pulses-April 2016 Research & Developmental Efforts

17. CONVENER Masood Ali Co- CONVENERS Sajeev Gupta A Sarker

18. Technologies in shelf Short duration and disease resistant varieties Green manuring and application of FYM in rice crop Zero-till drill Enhanced seed rate under relay cropping Seed priming Seed treatment (Rhizobium and fungicides) Management of rice stubbles

19. Contd …. Spray post- emergence herbicides Seed coating with micronutrient s Foliar spray of 2% urea/DAP Adoption of suitable IPM module Water harvesting (farm ponds, community reservoirs) and recycling (sprinkler)

20. Potential pulse crops identified for rice-fallows in different states of India Pulse crops States Lentil Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha , Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand Grass pea Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal Chickpea Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand Mungbean Odisha , Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Telangana , Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka Urdbean Telangana , Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Odisha

21. Interventions to avoid regeneration Low ratooning rice line (IET 4786)

22. Characteristics of crop varieties Early seedling vigor Early maturity Small seed size Resistant/tolerant to key diseases Drought and heat tolerance Amenable to mechanical harvesting

23. Improved Varieties Lentil : HUL 57, moitree , NDL 1, Pant L 8, Pant L 6, IPL 81, KLS 218 Urdbean : LBG 17, LBG 402, LBG 623, KU 301, TU 94-2 Chickpea : BG 372, PG 186, JG 315, JG 16, JG 14 Mungbean: LGG 450, Pusa 9072, Pairymung , TM 96-2. TARM 1 Grasspea : Ratan , Prateek , Mahateora

24. Soaking seeds in water for 6-8 hrs and sowing of primed seed at 8-10 days before harvest of rice Improves germination, growth, plant stand and yield Seed Priming- a simple and effective practice in relay cropping Further refinement Soaking seeds in KH 2 PO 4 solution Sowing methods for primed seed under minimum tillage Optimum seed rate

25. Further refinement Formulation with micronutrients, growth hormones and PGPR Seed pellets with nutrients Foliar Nutrition- a low cost effective intervention Effective in both under relay cropping or zero tillage system Spray of 2% urea/ DAP @ pre-flowering stage

26. Quizalofop @ 100g/ha for rice stubble management Use of herbicides- an important intervention Imazethapyr @ 50g/ha at 2-4 leaf stage for seasonal weeds

27. 20 cm rice stubble Residue removal M ulching Planting lentil after harvest of rice crop 0-5 cm 5-10 cm 10-15 cm Moisture extraction pattern under stubble management in lentil

28. Significant yield gain due to life saving irrigation with minimal amount of water (2.0 cm) under severe moisture stress in rice fallow pulses Water harvesting and life saving irrigation Life saving irrigation through sprinkler system

29. Mechanization (A) Opening furrow, placing fertilizer, seeds and covering of seeds (B) Manual furrow opener (C) Manually operated IIPR No- Till Drill (D) Tractor Operated Happy Seeder

30. Drainage channel 30 x 30 cm around the field Avoid water stagnation in Rice fallows ( provision for Proper drainage)

31. Recommendations Disaggregated mapping of rice fallows Consolidation of R & D activities Pilot projects System approach Development of short duration, high yielding and disease resistant varieties having tolerance to terminal drought and heat stress Scaling-up crop management practices Rural credit and market I. R & D Issues

32. Public awareness Creation of community water reservoirs Solar energy operated shallow tube wells Creation of seed hubs Mechanization of field operation Rural credit Road and marketing infrastructure Legislation for containing menace of blue bulls II. Policy issues

33. Pulses in Rice fallows……. ……..brings Prosperity & Sustainability THANKS

34. Assessing optimum s oil m oisture for relay sowing

35. Reasons for fallows Rainfed/ Lack of irrigation Highly variable and inadequate monsoonal rains; very low probability of winter rains Low soil moisture in surface layer after harvest of rice Water stagnation/excessive moisture in November/December

36. Soil compaction and cracks in Vertisols Cultivation of long duration rice varieties Lack of appropriate varieties of winter crops for late planting Lack of public awareness, R & D efforts and policy support Stray cattle Cont.….

37. Rice fallows in India State Kharif -rice area ('000 ha) Rabi-fallow ('000 ha) Rice-fallow area as % of kharif rice area % of total rabi -fallow area Andhra Pradesh 2657 305 11.5 2.6 Assam 2234 539 24.1 4.6 Bihar 5974 2196 36.8 18.9 Karnataka 984 182 18.5 1.6 Madhya Pradesh 5596 4382 78.3 37.6 Maharashtra 1762 629 35.7 5.4 Orissa 3879 1219 31.4 10.5 Uttar Pradesh 6255 353 5.6 3.0 West Bengal 4617 1719 37.2 14.8 Others 2378 128 5.4 0.4 Total 40,184 11,652 29.0 100.0

38. Selection of appropriate variety of rice and pulses

39. Timely sowing under relay cropping

40. Mulching / complete soil cover