ricecultureandgreenhousegasemission-170508181442.pptx

rice ecosytems

1. Welcome

2. Note: Solid bar show state wide averages Error bar show one standard deviation Punjab Pathak et al. (2012) Fig.18: Mid season drainage reduces GHG emission from transplanted paddy Tons of CO 2 e per hectare 2

3. Major Contributors to GHG Emissions in Rice Production Fig. 6 Share (%) of different components of non-renewable energy in rice cultivation . Sridhara et al., 2023 3

4. Rice cultures and Greenhouse Gas (GHGs) emission: Way forward JAGADISH PHD15AGR5009 1 ST Ph.D Dept. of Agronomy

5. SEQUENCE Of PRESENTATION Introduction Rice cultures and contribute to GHGs Greenhouse gasses(GHGs) Mitigation of GHGs 1. Transplanted rice 2. System of rice intensification 3. Direct seeded rice 4. Aerobic rice Conclusion

6. INTRODUCTION

7. Impact of climate change and GHGs in Agriculture Reduction in crop yield Shortage of water Irregularities in onset of monsoon, drought, flood and cyclone Rise in sea level Decline in soil fertility Loss of biodiversity Problems of pests, weeds and dieses

8. An increase of 2 - 4 o C results to 15% reduction in yields Rainfed and drought prone areas-17 to 40% Water scarcity affects 23 mha in Asia Additional CO 2 can benefit crops, this effect was nullified by an increase of temperature May decrease in rice production by 25-30 % yield Impact of climate change on Rice production Note : Food Security of India started shaking because of rice is the lion share in food grain production

9. Rice culture’s

10. Transplanting  is the most common  method  of crop establishment for  rice  in Asia. Rice  seedlings grown in a nursery are pulled and  transplanted  into puddled and levelled fields 15 to 40 days after seeding (DAS).  Rice  seedlings can either be transplanted  manually or by machine . Limitations: Transplanting is tedious and time-consuming Loss water resources Labour requirement is more 1 kg rice = 5000 litre of water Transplanted RICE

11. DIRECT SEEDED RICE Around 30% of the total water saved for rice cultivation as compared to puddling and transplanting METHODS OF DIRECT SEEDING: Wet DSR : - Sprouted seeds on wet puddle soil Srilanka , Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, India 2 . Dry DSR : Dry seeding – Broadcasting or drilling USA, Punjab, Haryana 30% labour saving, 15-30 % cost saving & 10 - 15 days early harvest 3. Water seeding : Pre germinated seeds – broadcasting with machines or aero planes. USA, Australia.

12. 8-10 Days (2 leaf stage) nursery Careful uprooting & transplanting Square planting (25X25cm) Weeding with cono weeder Saturation of the field High organic compost System of Rice Intensification

13. Aerobic rice Aerobic rice is a production systems in which rice is grown in well-drained , non-puddled and non-saturated soils with appropriate management. Cultivation fields will not have standing water but maintained at filed capacity Weed infestation and competition is more severe in aerobic rice compared to transplanted rice. Advantage Saving of water Puddling and submergence is not requiring Nursery and transplanting is not required Less seed rate Important varieties Mas-946-1 MAS-25, 26 Jaya

14. Greenhouse Gasses (GHGs)

15. GHGs and Non-GHGs The major atmospheric constituents   Nitrogen (N2) Oxygen (O2) Argon ( Ar ) Other remaining gases Note: Molecules containing two atoms of the same element   Gases that trap in the atmosphere are called GHGs Water vapour CO 2 Methane Nitrous oxide Fluorinated gases

16. Source: Economic report (IPCC-2014) Fig.1: Greenhouse gas emission from different sector

17. Fig. 02: GHGs from agricultural sector Source: Economic report (IPCC-2014)

18. Greenhouse gases from AGRICULTURE

19. Carbon dioxide  (CO 2 ) is colourless and odourless. The density of carbon dioxide  is around 1.98 kg/m 3 , about 1.67 times that of air. At present (2015): nearly 400 ppm in the atmosphere Lion share in the GHGs Source: Organic matter decomposition, Industries, Transport, Burning etc.

20. Methane (CH 4 ) Methane (CH 4 ) is the 2 nd most prevalent GHGs (Nearly 18%) from human activities.  CH 4  is more efficient at trapping radiation than CO 2 . Evolved from methonogenesis process Anaerobic condition type Agricultural activities, waste management, energy use, and biomass burning all contribute to CH 4  emissions. Agriculture: Rice cultivation

21. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 3 rd most significant greenhouse gas and it contribute to nearly 6 % to GHGs Denitrification process is involved It produces in aerobic soil condition Agricultural activities like fertilizer are the primary source of N 2 O emissions. Biomass burning also generates N 2 O

22. Fig. 3: Contribution of different source to N 2 O emission

23. Fig. 04: Relationship between CH 4 and N 2 O emission and redox potential in rice field throughout the season

24. Fluorinated gases Fluorinated gases  (F- gases ) are man-made gases that can stay in the atmosphere for centuries and contribute to a global greenhouse effect. There are four types: 1. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), 2. perfluorocarbons (PFCs), 3. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) and 4. Nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ).

25. GHGs % Contribution

26. Table 2: Emission of methane and nitrous oxide (Gg yr -1 ) from agricultural soils of different major states of India State Methane N 2 O GWP (CO 2 ) Andra Pradesh 398.96 21.29 16319.76 Bihar 334.77 10.76 11575.59 Chhattisgarh 261.3 4.83 7973.80 Gujarat 64.67 13.45 5625.88 Karnataka 66.49 18.97 7315.27 Source: IPCC report (2014)

27. Fig. 5: Comparison of Methane and Nitrous oxide emission in Indian scenario West Bengal Bhatia et al. (2014

28. Ebullition, Diffusion, and Transport through rice plants. Ebullition Dominates during initial period and upon disturbance of soil due to weeding, harrowing etc . Diffusion due to partial pressure difference Transport through rice plants Averaged about 95 and 89% at tillering and PI stages. CH 4 escapes from the rice fields to the atmosphere through

29. as a source of substrate for methanogenic bacteria, as a conduit for CH 4 through aerenchym, and as an active CH 4 oxidizing-site in rhizosphere by transporting O 2 Why methane emission is more in Rice..? The path of CH 4 through the rice plant includes Diffusion into the root, Conversion to gaseous CH 4 in the root cortex, Diffusion through cortex and aerenchyma , and Release to the atmosphere through microspores in the leaf sheaths .

30. Fig. 5: Schematic diagram of methane production, oxidation and emission from paddy field

31. 1. Hydrogenotrophic Pathway CO 2 + 4H 2 CH 4 + 2H 2 O Pathways of Methane Formation 2. Denitrification Pathway

32. Global Warming Potential : The global warming potential is an index developed to compare the strengths of different GHGs in temperature on a common basis. CO 2 equivalent : is used as the reference gas to compare the ability of a GHG to trap atmospheric heat relative to CO 2 . Thus, GHG emissions are commonly reported as CO 2 equivalents (e.g. in tonnes of CO2 eq.). The GWP is a time integrated factor, thus the GWP for a particular gas depends upon the time period selected. The GWP of agricultural soils may be calculated using equation GWP = CO2 + CH 4 x 21 + N 2 O x 296 (IPCC, 2007) Terms and formula

33. Instruments needed for collection of gases Gas chamber Dispo van and Needle lock needle Gas Chromatography

34. Mitigation of Greenhouse gas effect

35. Transplanted paddy

36. Table 3: Methane emission by rice as influenced by different irrigation methods Irrigation methods CH 4 (mg m -2 day -1 ) and N 2 O (µg m -2 day -1 ) emission (pooled data: 2012-13) Vegetative stage Max. tillering Panicle initiation Maturity stage CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O Flooding 39.4 69.3 28.7 45.4 61.0 12.6 36.1 7.9 Saturation 33.1 78.0 24.2 54.6 49.5 21.2 32.3 11.7 AWD 21.1 89.1 9.3 67.5 36.0 27.5 10.4 13.0 CD at 5% 1.81 4.27 3.19 6.42 5.74 2.64 3.02 1.75 UAS, Raichur Shantappa , D. (2023)

37. Fig.6: a) CO 2 quantity evolved in different treatments and b) CO 2 quantity evolved from rice growth stage Treatment detail C: Control plots without fertilizer A: Organic fertilizer (cow manure) B: Organic fertilizer pellets R: Chemical fertilizer Source: Pantwat (2012) Thailand

38. Fig.7: a) CH 4 quantity evolved in different treatments and b) CH 4 quantity evolved from rice growth stage Treatment detail C: Control plots without fertilizer A: Organic fertilizer (cow manure) B: Organic fertilizer pellets R: Chemical fertilizer Source: Pantwat (2012) Thailand

39. Fig.8: a) N 2 O quantity evolved in different treatments and b) N 2 O quantity evolved from rice growth stage Treatment detail C: Control plots without fertilizer A: Organic fertilizer (cow manure) B: Organic fertilizer pellets R: Chemical fertilizer Source: Pantwat (2012) Thailand

40. Table 4: Comparison of CH4 emission under different water and nutrient application   Nitrogen fertiliser applied Range of CH 4 fluxes (gm -2 d -1 ) CH 4 emission factor (gm -2 d -1 ) Comparison (%) Min Max Urea   -0.030 0.41 0.22 100 Ammonium sulphate -0.010 0.28 0.18 81.6 Slow released fertilizer -0.001 0.42 0.19 86.1 Korea Soon kuk et al . (2014)

41. Table 5: Emission coefficient and total methane emission in various rice-ecosystems

42. Table 6: Comparison of CH4 emission under different water and nutrient application   Water management Range of CH 4 fluxes (gm-2 d-1) CH 4 emission factor (gm -2 d -1 ) Comparison (%) Min Max Continuous flooding -0.0008 0.43 0.13 100 Intermittent irrigation -0.004 0.30 0.09 69.2 Korea Soon kuk et al . (2014)

43. China Zucong et al. (2010) Note: 100S- 100 kg N ha -1 Ammonium sulphate (S) 300S- 300 kg N ha -1 Ammonium sulphate (S) 100U- 100 kg N ha -1 Urea (U) 300U- 300 kg N ha -1 Urea (U) Table 7: Methane emission from flooded rice as influenced by different N source

44. Note: Solid bar show state wide averages Error bar show one standard deviation Punjab Pathak et al. (2012) Fig.9: Mid season drainage reduces GHG emission from transplanted paddy Tons of CO 2 e per hectare

45.   Methane efflux (mg plant -1 day -1 ) Treatments 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT 120 DAT Mean Neem coated urea (NCU) + DAP 0.27 2.67 4.10 3.77 2.70 Neem coated urea (NCU) + SSP 0.17 2.36 3.81 3.32 2.41 Ammonium sulphate (AS) + DAP 0.40 2.94 5.23 4.58 3.28 Ammonium sulphate (AS) + SSP 0.34 2.97 4.57 4.32 3.05 Urea + DAP 1.0 5.36 6.29 5.83 4.62 Urea + SSP 0.93 5.19 6.05 5.57 4.43 Table 8: Methane efflux of rice at different growth stages as influenced by slow releasing nitrogenous fertilizers under pot culture experiment

46. Growth stage Cultivar CH 4 emission rate (mg.pot -1 h -1 ) (mg.g -1 plant.h -1 )   Tillering       Booting       Flowering       Ripening   IR-72 IR 65598 Chiyonishiki   IR-72 IR 65598 Chiyonishiki   IR-72 IR 65598 Chiyonishiki   IR-72 IR 65598 Chiyonishiki   0.380 0.304 0.239   1.268 0.707 1.161   1.648 0.979 1.826   2.252 0.664 1.775   0.042 0.040 0.036   0.095 0.061 0.097   0.080 0.065 0.108   0.077 0.032 0.119 Table 9: Methane emission rate of three rice cultivars at four growth stages West Bengal Mandal et al. (2012)

47. Fig.10: Seasonal dynamics of (a) CH4 and (b) N2O emissions from rice paddies.

48. Table 10: Methane and Nitrous oxide emission by flooded rice as influenced by fertilizer treatment Germany SEbastain , D. (2015) Fertilizer treatment CH 4 (kg CH 4 h -1 season -1 ) and N 2 O (kg NO 2 -1 seaon -1 ) emission (pooled data: 2012-14) Zero-N Conventional Site specific CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O Sampling period (87 d) 113.78 0.39 75.55 0.64 72.63 1.20 Cropping Period (109 d) 121.92 0.42 86.81 0.99 80.27 1.60

49. System of Rice Intensification (SRI Method)

50. Table 11: Methane and Nitrous oxide emission by rice as influenced by establishment techniques UAS, Raichur Shantappa , D. (2014) Establishment technique CH 4 (mg m -2 day -1 ) and N 2 O (µg m -2 day -1 ) emission (pooled data: 2012-13) Vegetative stage Max. tillering Panicle initiation Maturity stage CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O SRI 29.7 81.5 18.2 59.6 41.9 23.1 22.4 11.9 Normal transplanted 32.3 75.7 23.0 53.5 56.2 17.8 28.2 10.0 Mechanised planting 31.7 79.2 20.9 54.4 48.4 20.4 28.1 10.7 CD at 5% NS NS 1.53 NS 2.94 NS 3.51 NS

51. Table 12: Methane and Nitrous oxide emission by SRI method of rice as influenced by irrigation method UAS, Raichur Shantappa , D. (2014) Irrigation method CH 4 (mg m -2 day -1 ) and N 2 O (µg m -2 day -1 ) emission (pooled data: 2012-13) Vegetative stage Max. tillering Panicle initiation Maturity stage CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O Flooding 29.45 74.15 23.0 52.5 42.9 17.85 26.3 9.9 Saturation 26.35 79.15 19.2 57.1 40.45 22.15 24.4 23.6 AWD 17.65 84.2 11.75 63.5 28.2 14.25 14.45 12.45

52. Fig. 12: Methane emission SRI and Modified SRI. New Delhi Niveta et al., 2013

53. Fig. 13: Nitrous oxide emission SRI and Modified SRI. New Delhi Niveta et al., 2013

54. Table 13: Methane production in different crop establishment   Method of establishment Methane efflux (mg plant -1 day -1 ) 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT 120 DAT Mean Transplanted paddy 0.71 6.13 6.25 6.02 4.77 (100 %) SRI 0.54 4.24 4.42 4.08 3.32 (69.60 %)

55. Source of nutrient Total methane production (kg ha -1 ) 2012 2013 Pooled RDF (100 % N through urea) 23.89 26.95 25.42 RDF (100 % N through neem coated urea) 22.30 24.79 23.55 50 % N through paddy straw incorporation + 50 % N through urea + Rec. P & K 31.01 34.22 32.62 50 % N through FYM + 50 % N through urea + Rec. P & K 26.83 29.88 28.35 50 % N through In-situ green manuring ( Sunhemp ) + 50 % N through urea + Rec . P & K 28.72 32.08 30.40 Table 14: effect of source of nutrient on methane production (Kg ha -1 ) from SRI UAS, Bengaluru Suresh Naik (2014)

56. Direct Seeded Rice (DSR)

57. Fig. 11: Global warming potential of transplanted and direct seeded rice Punjab Pathak et al. (2013)

58. Fig.12: GWP of rice-wheat system under different conservation technology Note: GWP : Global warming Potential, FP -Farmer practice, Mid drain : Mid season drainage, ZT : Zero-tillage, DSR : Direct seeded rice Punjab Pathak et al. (2013)

59. Table 15: Comparison of CH 4 emission under different cultivation methods  Method of establishment Range of CH 4 fluxes (gm -2 d -1 ) CH 4 emission factor (gm -2 d -1 ) Comparison (%) Min Max Dry DSR -0.031 0.59 0.17 64.0 Wet DSR 0.003 0.66 0.23 84.0 Transplanting (30 days seedlings) 0.011 0.76 0.31 94.6 Korea Soon kuk et al. (2014)

60. Canada Snyder et al. (2010) Fig.13: Effect of nitrogen (Urea) on N 2 O emission in DSR

61. Table 16: Methane emission and net reduction (%) in rainfed rice Source of Nutrients Methane emission (Kg ha -1 ) Net Reduction (%) Rice straw 92.10 - Compost 65.87 34.13 Azolla 68.45 25.3 Nitrate inhibitor 61.66 33.1 Tablet urea 45.47 50.62 Cuttack (Orissa) Wassmann et al. (2011)

62. Fig. 13: Effect of butachlor on methane efflux from direct seeded rice

63. Aerobic Rice (AR)

64. Table 17: Methane and Nitrous oxide emission from different rice culture Rice culture Methane emission (Mg plant -1 day -1 ) N 2 O emission (µg plant -1 day -1 ) Transplanted rice 24.0 9.14 SRI 21.8 11.9 Aerobic rice 12.31 14.47 Bengaluru Jayadeva et al ,. 2009

65. Source of nutrient Total methane production (kg ha -1 ) 2012 2013 Pooled RDF (100 % N through urea) 20.80 23.11 21.95 RDF (100 % N through neem coated urea) 18.73 20.56 19.56 50 % N through paddy straw incorporation + 50 % N through urea + Rec. P & K 27.02 31.10 29.06 50 % N through FYM + 50 % N through urea + Rec. P & K 22.87 25.31 24.09 50 % N through In-situ green manuring ( Sunhemp ) + 50 % N through urea + Rec. P & K 24.82 27.77 26.29 Table 18: Effect of source of nutrient on methane production (Kg ha -1 ) from Aerobic Rice UAS, Bengaluru Suresh Naik (2014)

66. Table 19: Methane and Nitrous oxide emission by aerobic rice as influenced by fertilizer treatment Germany Sebastain , D. (2015) Fertilizer treatment CH 4 (kg CH 4 h -1 season -1 ) and N 2 O (kg NO 2 -1 seaon -1 ) emission (pooled data: 2012-14) Zero-N Conventional Site specific CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O CH 4 N 2 O Sampling period (87 d) 4.66 0.57 4.84 1.04 5.2 1.82 Cropping Period (109 d) 4.96 0.66 5.41 1.57 5.28 2.27

67. Conclusion

68. Thank you

69. Fig.1 Potential Impacts of climate change Potential Global Climate Change Impacts Rise in temperature Changes in Rainfall Sea Level Rise Agriculture Health Forest Water Resources Coastal Area Land Weather Related mortality Infectious Diseases Respiratory problems Crop Yields Irrigation Demands Forest Composition Forest Health Water Quality Water Supply Competition for Water Erosion of beaches Inundation of coastal land Loss of Habitat Biodiversity Erosion

70. WAY FORWARD Climate Change and agriculture are inseparably linked globally, both affecting and influencing each other. Climate Change influences the crop yield and quality, fertility status of soil and may pose a serious threat to food and nutritional security. The challenge for Indian agriculture is to adopt to potential changes in temperature and precipitation and to extreme events without compromising productivity and food security. Though the efforts are going on to develop strategies to mitigate the negative impact of Climate Change and research in new directions are being carried out, more emphasis is required to make sufficient investments to support Climate Change adaptation and mitigation policies, technology development and dissemination of information19 .

71. Mitigation options for methane emission from submerged rice soils Changing of rice cultivation system Use of inorganic fertilizers Terminal electron acceptors Maintaining The higher redox potential Cultural practices Water management Use of rice varieties Fig Important mitigation options for methane emission in submerged rice soils