rise of nationalism in Europe Full Researched Pdf

Class 10 Social Science: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes
The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
.The measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people:
.The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a
united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
.A new French flag, the tricolor, was chosen to replace the former Royal Standard.
.The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National
Assembly.
.New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the
nation.
.A centralized administrative system was introduced and it formulated uniform laws for all
citizens.
.Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and
measures was adopted.
.Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.
The impact of Napoleonic reforms was:
. Napoleon destroyed democracy in France.
.The administrative field was made rational and efficient.
.The Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code) did away with all the privileges based on birth,
established equality before the law, and secured the right to property.
.In the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany, Napoleon simplified the administrative
divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed the peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
.In the towns, guild restrictions were removed.
.Transport and communication systems were improved.
.Napoleon’s invasions were resented in several countries due to:
.Increased taxation
.Censorship
.Forced conscription into the French armies
Political structure of Europe
.Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.
.The members of this class were united by a common way of life.
.They owned estates in the countryside and also townhouses.
.They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
.Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
.This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. (the majority was the
peasantry)
The New Middle Class
.In Western and parts of Central Europe, the growth of industrial production and trade meant the
growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on
production for the market.
.In the wake of industrialization, new social groups came into being: a working-class population
and a middle class made up of industrialists, businessmen, and professionals.
.It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the
abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
Liberal Nationalism
.Liberalism in the early 19th century stood for freedom for the individual and equality for all
before the law for the new middle classes.
.Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent.
.It stoo.... Read More in Document

1. SClass10SocialScience:TheRiseofNationalisminEuropeNotesTheFrenchRevolutionandtheIdeaoftheNation.ThemeasuresandpracticesintroducedbytheFrenchrevolutionariestocreateasenseofcollectiveidentityamongsttheFrenchpeople:.TheideasofLaPatrie(thefatherland)andLeCitoyen(thecitizen)emphasizedthenotionofaunitedcommunityenjoyingequalrightsunderaconstitution..AnewFrenchflag,thetricolor,waschosentoreplacetheformerRoyalStandard..TheEstatesGeneralwaselectedbythebodyofactivecitizensandrenamedtheNationalAssembly..Newhymnswerecomposed,oathstakenandmartyrscommemoratedallinthenameofthenation..Acentralizedadministrativesystemwasintroducedanditformulateduniformlawsforallcitizens..Internalcustomsdutiesanddueswereabolishedandauniformsystemofweightsandmeasureswasadopted..RegionaldialectswerediscouragedandFrenchbecamethecommonlanguageofthenation.TheimpactofNapoleonicreformswas:.NapoleondestroyeddemocracyinFrance..Theadministrativefieldwasmaderationalandefficient..TheCivilCodeof1804(NapoleonicCode)didawaywithalltheprivilegesbasedonbirth,establishedequalitybeforethelaw,andsecuredtherighttoproperty..IntheDutchRepublic,Switzerland,Italy,andGermany,Napoleonsimplifiedtheadministrativedivisions,abolishedthefeudalsystem,andfreedthepeasantsfromserfdomandmanorialdues..Inthetowns,guildrestrictionswereremoved..Transportandcommunicationsystemswereimproved..Napoleon’sinvasionswereresentedinseveralcountriesdueto:

2. .Increasedtaxation.Censorship.ForcedconscriptionintotheFrencharmiesPoliticalstructureofEurope.Sociallyandpolitically,alandedaristocracywasthedominantclassonthecontinent..Themembersofthisclasswereunitedbyacommonwayoflife..Theyownedestatesinthecountrysideandalsotownhouses..TheyspokeFrenchforpurposesofdiplomacyandinhighsociety..Theirfamilieswereoftenconnectedbytiesofmarriage..Thispowerfularistocracywas,however,numericallyasmallgroup.(themajoritywasthepeasantry)TheNewMiddleClass.InWesternandpartsofCentralEurope,thegrowthofindustrialproductionandtrademeantthegrowthoftownsandtheemergenceofcommercialclasseswhoseexistencewasbasedonproductionforthemarket..Inthewakeofindustrialization,newsocialgroupscameintobeing:aworking-classpopulationandamiddleclassmadeupofindustrialists,businessmen,andprofessionals..Itwasamongtheeducated,liberalmiddleclassesthatideasofnationalunityfollowingtheabolitionofaristocraticprivilegesgainedpopularity.LiberalNationalism.Liberalismintheearly19thcenturystoodforfreedomfortheindividualandequalityforallbeforethelawforthenewmiddleclasses..Politically,itemphasizedtheconceptofgovernmentbyconsent..Itstoodfortheendofautocracyandclericalprivileges,aconstitution,andarepresentativegovernmentthroughparliament..Yet,equalitybeforethelawdidnotnecessarilystandforuniversalsuffrage.Menwithoutpropertyandallwomenwereexcludedfrompoliticalright.

3. .Intheeconomicsphere,liberalismstoodforthefreedomofmarketsandtheabolitionofstate-imposedrestrictionsonthemovementofgoodsandcapital..In1834,acustomsunion,orZollvereinwasformedattheinitiativeofPrussiaandjoinedbymostoftheGermanstates.Theunionabolishedtariffbarriersandreducedthenumberofcurrenciesfromoverthirtytotwo.ANewConservatismafter1815.Conservativesbelievedthatestablished,traditionalinstitutionsofstateandsociety–likethemonarchy,theChurch,socialhierarchies,property,andthefamily–shouldbepreserved..Conservativesrealized,fromthechangesinitiatedbyNapoleon,thatmodernizationcouldinfactstrengthentraditionalinstitutionslikethemonarchy.TheTreatyofVienna1815.In1815,representativesoftheEuropeanpowers–Britain,Russia,Prussia,andAustria–whohadcollectivelydefeatedNapoleon,metatViennatodrawupasettlementforEurope.TheCongresswashostedbytheAustrianChancellorDukeMetternich..ThemainprovisionsoftheTreatyofViennaheldin1815were:.TheBourbondynastywhichwasdestroyedduringtheFrenchRevolutionwasrestoredtopower..FrancelosttheterritoriesithadannexedunderNapoleon..AseriesofstatesweresetupontheboundariesofFrancetopreventFrenchexpansioninthefuture..Prussiawasgivennewterritoriesonitswesternfrontiers,andAustriawasgivencontrolofnorthernItaly..TheGermanconfederationof39statessetupbyNapoleonwasleftuntouched..RussiawasgivenpartofPolandandPrussiawasgivenpartofSaxony..MonarchywasrestoredandanewconservativeorderwascreatedinEurope.DrawbacksofViennatreaty.Conservativeregimessetupin1815wereautocratic..Theydidnottoleratecriticismanddissent..Soughttocurbactivitiesthatquestionedthelegitimacyofautocraticgovernments..Mostofthemimposedcensorshiplawstocontrolwhatwassaidinnewspapers,books,plays,

4. andsongs.TheRevolutionariesRoleofGiuseppeMazziniasanItalianRevolutionary:.ItalianrevolutionaryGiuseppeMazziniwasborninGenoain1807.HebecameamemberofthesecretsocietyoftheCarbonari..Hefoundedtwoundergroundsocieties,firstYoungItalyinMarseillesandYoungEuropeinBerne.Membersofthesesocietieswerelike-mindedyoungmenfromPoland,France,Italy,andGermanstates..MazzinistronglybelievedthatGodhadintendednationstobethenaturalunitsofmankind.SoItalyhadtobeforgedintoasingleunifiedrepublicwithinawiderallianceofnations..Followinghismodel,secretsocietiesweresetupinGermany,France,Switzerland,andPoland..Mazzini’srelentlessoppositiontomonarchyandhisvisionofdemocraticrepublicsfrightenedtheconservatives.TheAgeofRevolutions:1830-1848.ThefirstupheavaltookplaceinFranceinJuly1830.Metternichonceremarked,‘WhenFrancesneezes,therestofEuropecatchescold.’GreekWarofIndependence.AneventthatmobilizednationalistfeelingsamongtheeducatedeliteacrossEuropewastheGreekWarofIndependence..GreecehadbeenpartoftheOttomanEmpiresincethe15thcentury..NationalistsinGreecegotsupportfromotherGreekslivinginexileandalsofrommanyWestEuropeanswhohadsympathiesforancientGreekculture..PoetsandartistslaudedGreeceasthecradleofEuropeancivilization..TheEnglishpoetLordByronorganizedfundsandlaterwenttofightinthewar..Finally,theTreatyofConstantinopleof1832recognizedGreeceasanindependentnation.Romanticism.Itwasaculturalmovementthatsoughttodevelopaparticularformofnationalistsentimentin

5. thefollowingways:.Romanticartistsandpoetsgenerallycriticizedtheglorificationofreasonandscienceandfocusedonemotions,intuition,andmysticalfeelings..TheGermanphilosopherJohannGottfriedHerderclaimedthatthroughfolksongs,folkpoetry,andfolkdances,thetruespiritofthenationcouldbepopularized.Theygaveemphasisonvernacularlanguageandthecollectionoflocalfolkloretorecoveranancientnationalspiritandtocarrythemodernnationalistmessagetolargeaudienceswhoweremostlyilliterate.TheRoleofLanguageindevelopingnationalsentimentsinEurope.Polandhadbeenpartitionedattheendofthe18thcenturybytheGreatPowers–Russia,Prussia,andAustria.Eventhoughitdidnotexistasanindependentterritory,nationalistfeelingswerekeptalivethroughmusicandlanguage..KarolKurpinski,forexample,celebratedthenationalstrugglethroughhisoperasandmusic,turningfolkdanceslikethepolonaiseandmazurkaintonationalistsymbols..WhenRussiaoccupiedPoland,thePolishlanguagewasforcedoutofschoolsandRussianwasimposedeverywhere..ManymembersoftheclergyinPolandbegantouselanguageasaweaponofnationalresistance.PolishwasusedforChurchgatheringsandallreligiousinstruction..Asaresult,alargenumberofpriestsandbishopswereputinjailorsenttoSiberiabytheRussianauthoritiesaspunishmentforrefusingtopreachinRussian..TheuseofPolishcametobeseenasasymbolofthestruggleagainstRussiandominance.Hunger,Hardship,andPopularRevolt.The1830swereyearsofgreateconomichardshipinEuropeinthefollowingways:.Thefirsthalfofthe19thcenturysawanenormousincreaseinpopulationwhichledtowidespreadunemployment..Populationfromruralareasmigratedtothecitiestoliveinovercrowdedslums..Smallproducersintownsfacedstiffcompetitionfromimportsofcheapmachine-madegoodsfromEngland..InthoseregionsofEuropewherethearistocracystillenjoyedpower,peasantsstruggledundertheburdenoffeudalduesandobligations.

6. .Theriseoffoodpricesorayearofbadharvestledtowidespreadpauperism(poverty)intownsandcountries.1848Events:.FoodshortagesandwidespreadunemploymentbroughtthepopulationofParisoutontheroads..BarricadeswereerectedandLouisPhilippewasforcedtoflee..ANationalAssemblyproclaimedaRepublic,grantedsuffragetoalladultmalesabove21,andguaranteedtherighttowork..Nationalworkshopstoprovideemploymentweresetup.1848:TheRevolutionoftheLiberalsThefrankfurtparliament::.EventsofFebruary1848inFrancehadbroughtabouttheabdicationofthemonarchandarepublicbasedonuniversalmalesuffragehadbeenproclaimed.InGermany,Italy,Poland,andtheAustro-HungarianEmpire–menandwomenoftheliberalmiddleclassescombinedtheirdemandsforconstitutionalismwithnationalunification..Theytookadvantageofthegrowingpopularunresttopushtheirdemandsforthecreationofanation-stateonparliamentaryprinciples–aconstitution,freedomofthepress,andfreedomofassociation..IntheGermanregions,alargenumberofpoliticalassociationswhosemembersweremiddle-classprofessionals,businessmen,andprosperousartisanscametogetherinthecityofFrankfurtanddecidedtovoteforanall-GermanNationalAssembly..Themiddleclassesresistedthedemandsofworkersandartisansandconsequentlylosttheirsupport.Intheend,troopswerecalledinandtheassemblywasforcedtodisband..Theissueofextendingpoliticalrightstowomenwasacontroversialonewithintheliberalmovement,inwhichlargenumbersofwomenhadparticipatedactivelyovertheyears..Womenhadformedtheirownpoliticalassociations,foundednewspapers,andtakenpartinpoliticalmeetingsanddemonstrations.TheRoleofWomeninnationaliststruggles.Theissueofextendingpoliticalrightstowomenwasacontroversialonewithintheliberalmovement,inwhichlargenumbersofwomenhadparticipatedactivelyovertheyears.Womenhadformedtheirownpoliticalassociations,foundednewspapers,andtakenpartinpolitical

7. meetingsanddemonstrations.Despitethis,theyweredeniedvotingrightsduringtheelectionoftheAssemble.WhentheFrankfurtparliamentconvenedintheChurchofSt.Paul,womenwereadmittedonlyasobserverstostandinthevisitors’gallery.TheMakingofGermanyandItalyTheMakingofGermany/TheRoleofOttoVonBismarckintheMakingofGermany.Prussiatookontheleadershipofthemovementfornationalunification..Itschiefminister,OttoVonBismarck,wasthearchitectofthisprocesscarriedoutwiththehelpofthePrussianarmyandbureaucracy..Threewarsoversevenyears–withAustria,Denmark,andFrance–endedinPrussianvictoryandcompletedtheprocessofunification..InJanuary1871,thePrussianking,WilliamI,wasproclaimedGermanEmperorinaceremonyheldatVersailles..OnJanuary1871,anassemblycomprisingtheprincesoftheGermanstates,representativesofthearmy,andimportantPrussianministersincludingthechiefministerOttovonBismarckgatheredintheHallofMirrorsinthePalaceofVersaillestoproclaimthenewGermanEmpireheadedbyKaiserWilliamIofPrussia.TheMakingofItaly.Italianswerescatteredoverseveraldynasticstates..Sardinia-PiedmontwasruledbyanItalianprincelyhouse..ThenorthwasunderAustrianHabsburgs,thecenterwasruledbythePopeandthesouthernregionswereunderthedominationoftheBourbonkingsofSpain..Inthe1830s,GiuseppeMazzinimadeeffortstouniteItaly.HehadalsoformedasecretsocietycalledYoungItaly..Thefailureofrevolutionaryuprisingsbothin1831and1848meantthatthemantlenowfellonSardinia-PiedmontunderitsrulerKingVictorEmmanuelIItounifytheItalianstatesthroughwar..ChiefMinisterCavour,throughatactfuldiplomaticalliancewithFrance,succeededindefeatingtheAustrianforcesin1859..Also,alargenumberofarmedvolunteersunderGiuseppeGaribaldijoinedthem..In1860,theymarchedintoSouthItalyandtheKingdomoftheTwoSiciliesandsucceededinwinningthesupportofthelocalpeasantsinordertodriveouttheSpanishrulers.

8. .In1861VictorEmmanuelIIwasproclaimedkingofunitedItaly.TheStrangeCaseofBritain.InBritain,theformationofanation-statewasaresultofalongdrawn-outprocess..TherewasnoBritishnationpriortothe18thcentury..TheprimaryidentitiesofthepeoplewhoinhabitedtheBritishIsleswereethniconessuchasEnglish,Welsh,Scot,orIrish..LatertheEnglishParliament,whichhadseizedpowerfromthemonarchyin1688attheendofaprotractedconflict,wastheinstrumentthroughwhichanation-statewithEnglandatitscentercametobeforged..TheActofUnion(1707)betweenEnglandandScotlandthatresultedintheformationofthe‘UnitedKingdomofGreatBritain’meant,ineffect,thatEnglandwasabletoimposeitsinfluenceonScotland..TheBritishparliamentwashenceforthdominatedbyitsEnglishmembers..ThegrowthofaBritishidentitymeantthatScotland’sdistinctivecultureandpoliticalinstitutionsweresystematicallysuppressed..Irelandsufferedasimilarfate.ItwasacountrydeeplydividedbetweenCatholicsandProtestants..TheEnglishhelpedtheProtestantsofIrelandtoestablishtheirdominanceoveralargelyCatholiccountry..CatholicrevoltsagainstBritishdominanceweresuppressed..AfterafailedrevoltledbyWolfeToneandhisUnitedIrishmen(1798),IrelandwasforciblyincorporatedintotheUnitedKingdomin1801.VisualisingtheNation.Artistsinthe18thand19thcenturiespersonifiedthenation.Theyrepresentedacountryasifitwereaperson..Artistsportrayednationsasfemalefigures..Artistsusedthefemaleallegorytoportrayideassuchasliberty,justice,andtherepublic..InFrance,thefemaleallegorywaschristenedMarianne,apopularChristianname,whichunderlinedtheideaofapeople’snation..HercharacteristicsweredrawnfromthoseofLibertyandtheRepublic–theredcap,the

9. tricolor,thecockade..StatuesofMariannewereerectedinpublicsquarestoremindthepublicofthenationalsymbolofunityandtopersuadethemtoidentifywithit..Marianne'simagesweremarkedoncoinsandstamps..GermaniabecametheallegoryoftheGermannation.Shewearsacrownofoakleaves,astheGermanoakstandsforheroism.NationalismandImperialismThegrowthofnationalisttensionsintheBalkanregionbeforetheFirstWorldWar.TheBalkanwasaregionofgeographicalandethnicvariationscomprisingmodern-dayRomania,Bulgaria,Albania,Greece,Macedonia,Croatia,Bosnia-HerzegovinaSlovenia,Serbia,andMontenegro.TheinhabitantswerecalledSlavs..AlargepartoftheBalkanswasunderthecontroloftheOttomanEmpirewhilesomeotherpartswereunderthecontrolofRussiaandAustriacausingacomplexproblem..ThespreadofideasofRomanticnationalismintheBalkanstogetherwiththedisintegrationoftheOttomanEmpiremadetheregionveryexplosive..DifferentSlavicnationalistsstruggledtodefinetheiridentities..TheBalkanregionbecamearegionofintenseconflictovertheexpansionofterritory..Atthesametime,thegreatEuropeanPowers–Russia,Germany,England,andAustro-HungarywerekeenontakingthecontroloftheBalkanregion,sinceitwasimportantfromthetradepointofview..ThisledtoaseriesofwarsintheregionandfinallybecamethecauseoftheFirstWorldWar..Theidealisticliberal-democraticsentimentofnationalisminthefirsthalfofthe19thcenturybecameanarrowcreedwithlimitedends.Duringthisperiod,nationalistgroupsbecameincreasinglyintolerantofeachotherandwereever-readytogotowar..MajorEuropeanpowersmanipulatedthenationalistaspirationstofurthertheirownimperialistaims..ThemostserioussourceofnationalisttensioninEuropeafter1871wastheareacalledtheBalkans..TheideaofromanticnationalismintheBalkanstogetherwiththedisintegrationoftheOttomanEmpiremadethisregionveryexplosive.

10. .Onebyone,Europeannationalitiesbrokeawayfromtheircontrolanddeclaredindependence..TheBalkanpeoplebasedtheirclaimsforindependenceorpoliticalrightsonnationalityandusedhistorytoprovethattheyhadoncebeenindependentbuthadsubsequentlybeensubjugatedbyaforeignpower..AsthedifferentSlavicnationalitiesstruggledtodefinetheiridentityandindependence,theBalkanareabecameanareaofintenseconflict.KeyWord MeaningAbsolutistLiterally,agovernmentorsystemofrulethathasnorestraintsonthepowerexercised.Inhistory,thetermreferstoaformofmonarchicalgovernmentthatwascentralised,militarisedandrepressive.Utopian Avisionofasocietythatissoidealthatitisunlikelytoactuallyexist.Plebiscite Adirectvotebywhichallthepeopleofaregionareaskedtoacceptorrejectaproposal.Suffrage Therighttovote.ConservatismApoliticalphilosophythatstressedtheimportanceoftradition,establishedinstitutionsandcustoms,andpreferredgradualdevelopmenttoquickchangeFeminist Awarenessofwomen’srightsandinterestsbasedonthebeliefofthesocial,economicandpoliticalequalityofthegendersEthnicRelatestoacommonracial,tribal,orculturaloriginorbackgroundthatacommunityidentifieswithorclaimsAllegory Whenanabstractidea(forinstance,greed,envy,freedom,liberty)isexpressedthroughapersonorathing.Anallegoricalstoryhastwomeanings,oneliteralandonesymbolic