Ritvick Sharma on impact of technology on sports.pptx

Impact of technology on sports how it affects us as viewers and players

1. Revolutionizing Materials: Unveiling the Potential of Composites By- Ritvick Sharma

2. AGENDA: Topics & points of discussion What are composites? Classification of Composite Materials Advantages & Limitations Areas of Application Ongoing Project

3. Composites Composite materials are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties. The combination of materials results in enhanced properties such as strength, stiffness, and durability. One of its constituents is called the reinforcing phase and the other one is called the matrix . The reinforcing phase material may be in the form of fibers, particles, or flakes (e.g. Glass fibers). The matrix phase materials are generally continuous (e.g. Epoxy resin). Note: The matrix phase is light but weak. The reinforcing phase is strong and hard and may not be light in weight.

4. What can be achieved by making a composite material? The following properties can be improved by forming a composite material: Strength (Stress at which a material fails) Stiffness (Resistance of a material to deformation) Wear & Corrosion resistance Fatigue life ( long life due to repeated load) Thermal conductivity & Acoustical insulation Attractiveness and Weight reduction

5. Roles of Constituent Materials Role of Reinforcements: Reinforcements give high strength, stiffness and other improved mechanical properties . Also their contribution to other properties such as the co-efficient of thermal expansion , conductivity etc. is remarkable. Role of Matrices: Even though having inferior properties than that of reinforcements, its physical presence is must; to give shape to the composite part to keep the fibers in place to transfer stresses to the fibers to protect the reinforcement from the environment to protect the surface of the fibers from mechanical degradation

6. Examples of Composites Naturally occurring composites: – Wood : Cellulose fibers bound by lignin matrix – Bone : Stiff mineral “fibers” in a soft organic matrix permeated with holes filled with liquids – Granite : Granular composite of quartz, feldspar, and mica   Man‐made composites: – Concrete : Particulate composite of aggregates (limestone or granite), sand, cement and water – Plywood : Several layers of wood veneer glued together – Fiberglass : Fiberglass: Plastic matrix reinforced by glass fibers – Fibrous composites : Variety of fibers (glass, Kevlar, graphite, nylon, etc.) bound together by a polymeric matrix

7. These are Not Composites! • Plastics: Even though they may have several “fillers”, their presence does not alter the physical properties significantly. • Alloys : Here the alloy is not macroscopically heterogeneous, especially in terms of physical properties. • Metals with impurities : The presence of impurities does not significantly alter physical properties of the metal.

8. Mechanical Performance Contributing factors Factors controlling the properties of fibers: (a) Length: Long, continuous fibers are easy to orient and process, but short fibers cannot be controlled fully for proper orientation. Long fibers provide high strength, impact resistance, low shrinkage, improved surface finish, and dimensional stability. Short fibers provide low cost, easy to work with, and have fast cycle time fabrication procedures. (b) Orientation: Fibers oriented in one direction give very high stiffness and strength in that direction. (c) Material: Fibers are generally expected to have high elastic moduli and strength than the matrix materials.

9. Matrix Factors Matrix materials have low mechanical properties compared to those of fibers. Yet the matrix influences many mechanical properties of the composite. These properties include: Transverse modulus and strength Shear modulus and strength Compressive strength Inter-laminar shear strength Thermal expansion coefficient Thermal resistance and Fatigue strength

10. Fiber-matrix Interface When the load is applied on a composite material, the load is directly carried by the matrix and it is transferred to the fibers through fiber–matrix interface. So, it is clear that the load-transfer from the matrix to the fiber depends on the fiber-matrix interface. Chemical bonding: It is formed between the fiber surface and the matrix. Some fibers bond naturally to the matrix and others do not. Mechanical bonding: The roughness on the fiber surface causes interlocking between the fiber and the matrix. Reaction bonding: It happens when molecules of the fiber and the matrix diffuse into each other only at the interface.

11. Fillers, Additives Pigments Fillers: In composite materials fillers are introduced for reducing the cost, for improving the physical or functional properties or to aid processing. Examples: Calcium carbonate, Silica powder, Talc, Clay, Sand and aggregates, marble chips, Titanium dioxide, carbon blacks etc. Additives: Additives are added to the polymer matrix for aiding the processing technique or altering some properties. They are added in small quantity ( less than 5%) and do not affect the mechanical properties due to their small quantity. Examples: Hydroquinons, Paraffin vax, Tinorin, Benzophenos and Benzotriazoles, Aerosil powder, Magnesium oxide, Calcium Oxide etc. Pigments: Pigments are added to the resin to get composite products of different colors.

12. CLASSIFICATION Composite materials can be classified based on: The form of their constituents, number of layers, orientation of fibers, length of fibers etc. The tree diagram shown below shows a list of composite materials under respective classification.

13. Advantages & Limitations Composites can be engineered specifically to meet our needs on a case‐to‐case basis. In general, following properties can be improved: – Strength – Electrical conductivity – Weight – Behavior at extreme temps. – Fatigue – Acoustical insulation – Vibration damping – Aesthetics – Resistance to wear & corrosion

14. LIMITATIONS Like all things in nature, composite materials have their limitations as well. Some of the important ones are: Anisotropy Non-homogeneous Costly Difficult to fabricate Sensiti vity to temp. Moisture Ef fects

15. Areas of APPLICATIONS Automotive Industry Sports Industry Aerospace Industry Lighter, stronger, wear resistance, rust‐free, aesthetic Car body, brake pads, drive shafts, fuel tanks, hoods, spoilers etc. Temperature resistance, smart structures Nose, doors, struts, frames, fairings, cowlings, cowlings, Antennae, trunnion, structural parts etc. Lighter, stronger, better aesthetics, toughness, damping properties Tennis, badminton, bicycles, boats, hockey, Golf equipment, motorcycles etc.

16. Areas of Application Engineering Applications Electrical & Electronic Applications Other Industries Gears and bearings, Robot linkages Fan blades in power plants, Wind mill blades A.C. motor starter, Cable ducts Transformer fuse block, Switch activators Activator cases, tension insulators Biomedical industry Consumer goods Agricultural equipment Hydraulic cylinders, Springs and suspensions Cooling towers and cooling tower fan blades, fan housing etc. Printed circuit boards, Electromagnetic antennas, Sonar and laser, Radomes, Radio and transistor housing Heavy machinery Computers & Healthcare

17. Types of composite manufacturing The techniques are chosen based on type of fiber, resin and the size of the product. Lay-up: Hand lay-up, Spray lay-up, Prepreg Lay-Up etc. Compression molding : Resin injection molding, Incremental molding Bag molding: Pressure bag molding, Vacuum bag molding Autoclave molding Filament winding: Helical winding, Hoop winding Pultrusion Molding compounds : sheet molding or bulk molding compound Centrifugal Casting Extrusion method

18. It is the oldest molding method for making composite products. It requires no technical skill and no machinery . It is a low volume, labor intensive method suited especially for large components, such as boat hulls. A male and female half of the mold is commonly used in the hand lay-up process. A typical structure of hand lay-up product being made is shown in Fig. Hand Lay-up Method The quality of the product depends on the skill of the operator. Not suitable for mass production of small products at high speeds. Difficult to get a void free composite product

19. Hand Lay-up method   Mold : The mold will have the shape of the product.   Release Film or Layer : A proper releasing mechanism should be incorporated. Gel coat: The gel coat gives the required finish of the product. It is usually a thin layer of resin applied on the outer surface of the product. Surface Mat Layer : A surface mat layer will be placed beneath the gel coat layer. It provides crack resistance and impact strength to the resin rich layer. Laminates of Fiber: The pine/husk fiber layer wetted with resin is laid up one after another to the required thickness. The laminate gives the strength and rigidity to the product.

20. Vacuum Bagging Technique   Steps:-  Take a certain amount of recycled pet resin depending upon the size of mold. Add mekp catal yst (1-3% 0f resin amount) in the resin. Add 7-8 drops of cobalt accelerator as well. Mix everything for at least 15 min. Take the amount of fiber based on mold size and add into the prepared mix. Mix everything well and add into the Mold Box layer by layer. Fill up the mold up to required sample thickness.

21. Fiber Now place 2 layers of peel ply & breather fabric over the prepared mold and cover with tissue paper to absorb excess resin Peel Ply & Breather Fabric Place the mold in the vacuum bag and seal it well. Bagging Attach the vacuum pump hose with bag and suck the air out of the mold until required pressure is obtained. Creating Vacuum Now leave the mold vacuum bagged for 24 hours of curing and then take out the sample. Curing Computational fluid dynamics Random orientation Pine Mold Vacuum Bagging Order

22. Project Samples Hand-Layup Pine Needle Sample Vacuum Bagged Sample Vacuum-Bagged Pine needle Sample Clean Sample

23. THA NKS thank you so much for your attention