RM _Lecture Note 5 computer science.pptx

computer science notes

1. CSC603 Advanced Research Methodology (Note 5)

2. Course Outline Unit 3: Qualitative Research Methodology Introduction to Qualitative Research Qualitative Data collections methods and instruments Validity and Reliability of qualitative data collection instruments Analysis and Interpretation of Qualitative Data Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Research

3. Qualitative Research Methodology Qualitative Research It offers a valuable means of exploring the complexities of human behavior and social phenomena, providing rich insights that complement quantitative approaches and contribute to a deeper understanding of the world . It is used to explore and understand human behavior, experiences, and phenomena . Unlike quantitative research, which focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis, qualitative research seeks to gather rich, detailed insights into the complexities of human life and social interactions .

4. Qualitative Research Methodology Key Features of Qualitative Research It is framed in terms of using words (qualitative) rather than numbers (quantitative). It embraces open-ended questions and responses (i.e. qualitative interview). Data collection can be via observation whereby a setting might be observed based on the research in question. Qualitative case studies are brought into the research.

5. Qualitative Research Methodology Key Features of Qualitative Research It Focuses on Understanding : Qualitative research aims to understand the meaning that individuals or groups ascribe to their experiences, behaviors, and interactions within their social context . It explores the why and how that are behind phenomena rather than just measuring their frequency or prevalence . Data Collection Methods : Qualitative research typically use methods such as interviews, focus groups, participant observation, and ethnography to gather data . These methods allow researchers to delve deeply into the perspectives, attitudes, and emotions of participants .

6. Qualitative Research Methodology Key Features of Qualitative Research Data Analysis : Qualitative data analysis involves the systematic examination and interpretation of textual, visual, or audio data collected during the research process . Researchers employ techniques such as thematic analysis, content analysis, and narrative analysis to identify patterns, themes, and meanings within the data . Flexibility and Iterative Process : Qualitative research is characterized by its flexible and iterative nature. Researchers may refine their research questions and data collection methods throughout the study based on emerging insights. This iterative process allows for a deeper exploration of complex phenomena.

7. Qualitative Research Methodology Key Features of Qualitative Research Contextual Understanding : Qualitative research emphasizes the importance of understanding phenomena within their social, cultural, and historical contexts . Researchers pay attention to the various factors that may influence individuals' experiences and behaviors, such as societal norms, cultural values, and power dynamics . Rich Description : Qualitative research prioritizes rich, descriptive accounts of human experiences . Researchers aim to capture the nuances, contradictions, and subtleties of participants' lived experiences, often using detailed narratives and quotes to illustrate key findings .

8. Qualitative Research Methodology Key Features of Qualitative Research Subjectivity and Reflexivity : Qualitative researchers acknowledge the role of their own perspectives, biases, and interpretations in shaping the research process and findings . Reflexivity involves reflecting on and transparently discussing the researcher's positionality and its potential influence on the research outcomes . Inductive Approach : Qualitative research often takes an inductive approach, meaning that theories and hypotheses may emerge from the data rather than being imposed a priori . This allows for the exploration of new concepts and the generation of fresh insights.

9. Qualitative Research Methodology Qualitative Research Methodology It is an approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. It offers a systematic and rigorous approach to exploring complex phenomena, providing valuable insights into human behavior, experiences, and social dynamics .

10. Qualitative Research Methodology Qualitative Data collections methods and instruments Interviews : Open-ended questions are embraced in this case to get participant's perspectives, experiences, and beliefs in detail . It could be: One-on-One Interviews ; Focus Group Interviews Observation : Participant Observation : Researchers immerse themselves in the natural environment of the participants, observing and participating in their activities Non-participant Observation : Observing participants' behaviors and interactions without actively participating in the activities being observed.

11. Qualitative Research Methodology Qualitative Data collections methods and instruments Document Analysis : Content Analysis : Systematically analyzing textual, visual, or audio materials (e.g., documents, videos, social media posts) to identify themes, patterns, and meanings . Textual Analysis : Examining written texts (e.g., books, articles, transcripts) to extract and interpret underlying meanings and themes .

12. Qualitative Research Methodology Qualitative Data collections methods and instruments Visual Methods : Photovoice : Participants use photography to express their experiences, perspectives, and community issues, followed by group discussions. Drawings/Mapping : Participants create visual representations (e.g., drawings, maps) to communicate their perceptions, relationships, and experiences.

13. Qualitative Research Methodology Qualitative Data collections methods and instruments Ethnography : Field Notes : Detailed written descriptions and reflections by the researcher based on observations, interactions, and experiences during fieldwork. Participant Diaries/Journals : Participants document their daily experiences, thoughts, and feelings in written or digital format during the research period.

14. Qualitative Research Methodology Qualitative Data collections methods and instruments Digital Methods : Online Forums/Blogs : Analyzing discussions and interactions in online communities or blogs to understand social dynamics and phenomena. Social Media Analysis : Studying user-generated content on platforms like Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram to explore attitudes, behaviors, and trends.

15. Qualitative Research Methodology Qualitative Data collections methods and instruments Narrative Methods : Life Histories : In-depth interviews or narratives that trace the life experiences, events, and transitions of individuals over time. Storytelling : Participants share personal stories or narratives to convey their experiences, identities, and cultural meanings.

16. Qualitative Research Methodology Triangulation in Qualitative Research Triangulation refers to the use of multiple sources, methods, or researchers to cross-validate findings and enhance the credibility, validity and reliability of the research . Triangulation helps researchers to ensure that their interpretations and conclusions are well-supported and robust . Triangulation is a fundamental principle of qualitative research methodology, emphasizing the importance of thoroughness, transparency, and critical reflection in the research process and thereby strengthening the validity and reliability of the data collection instruments, research findings and conclusions.

17. Qualitative Research Methodology Types of Triangulation in Qualitative Research Data Source Triangulation : This involves using multiple sources of data to study the same phenomenon. This could include using different types of data, such as interviews, observations, documents, or artifacts, to gather information about the research topic . By triangulating data from diverse sources, researchers can compare and contrast findings, identify consistencies or discrepancies, and develop a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon under study . This help to ensure that the findings are not solely dependent on one type of data or one perspective .

18. Qualitative Research Methodology Types of Triangulation in Qualitative Research Data Source Triangulation : Example: In a study on the effectiveness of a new educational program, a researcher might gather data through interviews with teachers, observations of classroom activities, and analysis of student performance data . By triangulating these different sources of data, the researcher can obtain a more nuanced understanding of how the program is being implemented and its impact on students

19. Qualitative Research Methodology Types of Triangulation in Qualitative Research Methodological Triangulation : This involves using multiple research methods or approaches to study the same phenomenon. This could include combining qualitative and quantitative methods, using different data collection techniques, or employing different analytical strategies . Each method offers unique advantages and limitations, and triangulating methods allows researchers to compensate for biases or limitations inherent in any single method. For example, combining interviews with observation can provide a more nuanced understanding of participants' behaviors and experiences .

20. Qualitative Research Methodology Types of Triangulation in Qualitative Research Methodological Triangulation : Example. In a study on healthcare experiences, a researcher might use both surveys and in-depth interviews to gather data from patients. By triangulating these methods, the researcher can obtain both quantitative data on trends and patterns across a larger sample, as well as qualitative insights into individual experiences and perceptions.

21. Qualitative Research Methodology Types of Triangulation in Qualitative Research Researcher Triangulation : This is involvement of multiple researchers in data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Each researcher brings their own perspectives, expertise, and biases to the study . Triangulating researchers' viewpoints can help mitigate individual biases, increase the reliability of findings, and provide a more holistic understanding of the research topic.

22. Qualitative Research Methodology Validity and Reliability of qualitative data collection instruments Checking for validity and reliability in qualitative data collection instruments involves ensuring that the data collected is accurate, consistent, and trustworthy . While these concepts are often associated with quantitative research, they are equally important in qualitative research .

23. Qualitative Research Methodology Validity and Reliability of qualitative data collection instruments Assessing validity and reliability of qualitative data collection instruments involves the following strategies: Ensuring alignment with research objectives, Comprehensiveness of content, Clarity of presentation, and Consistency of responses. By systematically evaluating these aspects, researchers can enhance the trustworthiness and credibility of their qualitative data and findings .

24. Qualitative Research Methodology Validity and Reliability of qualitative data collection instruments Validity of qualitative data collection instruments : Construct Validity : Assess whether the data collection instrument effectively measures the constructs or concepts it intends to measure . This can be done by examining how well the questions or prompts align with the research objectives and theoretical framework . Content Validity : Ensure that the data collection instrument covers all relevant aspects of the research topic. This involves reviewing the instrument's content to confirm that it captures the breadth and depth of the phenomenon under investigation.

25. Qualitative Research Methodology Validity and Reliability of qualitative data collection instruments Validity of qualitative data collection instruments Face Validity : Determine whether the data collection instrument appears to measure what it claims to measure. This can be assessed by soliciting feedback from experts or potential participants to evaluate the clarity, relevance, and comprehensibility of the instrument Criterion-related Validity : Evaluate the instrument's ability to predict or correlate with other measures of the same construct or related variables. This may involve comparing the instrument's results with those of established measures or criteria .

26. Qualitative Research Methodology Validity and Reliability of qualitative data collection instruments Validity of qualitative data collection instruments Internal Validity : This consider potential sources of bias or confounding factors that may influence the validity of the data collected. This involves minimizing threats to internal validity, such as researcher bias, social desirability bias, or demand characteristics . External Validity : Assess the generalizability or transferability of the findings beyond the specific context of the study. This involves considering whether the data collection instrument and findings are applicable to other settings, populations, or time periods .

27. Qualitative Research Methodology Validity and Reliability of qualitative data collection instruments Reliability of qualitative data collection instruments : Inter-Rater Reliability : If multiple researchers are involved in data collection or coding, assess the degree of agreement between them. This can be done by calculating inter-rater reliability coefficients, such as Cohen's kappa or intraclass correlation coefficients . Test-Retest Reliability : Determine the consistency of responses over time by administering the data collection instrument to the same participants on multiple occasions. This allows researchers to assess the stability and reproducibility of the instrument's results .

28. Qualitative Research Methodology Validity and Reliability of qualitative data collection instruments Reliability of qualitative data collection instruments : Internal Consistency Reliability : For surveys or questionnaires with multiple items, evaluate the internal consistency of responses. This can be assessed using measures such as Cronbach's alpha, which indicates the degree of correlation between items within the instrument . Data Saturation : In qualitative research, data saturation refers to the point at which no new information or themes emerge from additional data collection. Achieving data saturation can enhance the reliability of qualitative findings by ensuring that the data collection process is thorough and comprehensive.

29. Qualitative Research Methodology Analysis and interpretation of qualitative data Analyzing and interpreting qualitative data involves a systematic and iterative process of coding, theme development, and data interpretation to uncover meaningful insights and generate rich descriptions of participants' experiences and perspectives.

30. Qualitative Research Methodology General framework for analyzing and interpreting qualitative data Data Preparation : Transcribe Interviews : If interviews were conducted, transcribe them verbatim. This ensures that all data are in a consistent format and ready for analysis. Organize Data : Organize the data according to the method of collection (e.g., interviews, observations, documents) and any relevant participant characteristics (e.g., demographics ).

31. Qualitative Research Methodology General framework for analyzing and interpreting qualitative data Familiarization : Immersion : Familiarize yourself with the data by reading or listening to the transcripts multiple times. This allows you to immerse yourself in the participants' experiences and gain a deeper understanding of the content. Initial Notes : Take notes or make annotations as you familiarize yourself with the data, jotting down initial impressions, recurring themes, and interesting observations.

32. Qualitative Research Methodology General framework for analyzing and interpreting qualitative data Coding : Open Coding : Begin with open coding, where you systematically identify and label segments of data with descriptive codes that capture the essence of the content. This process involves breaking down the data into smaller units and assigning codes to capture the meaning of each segment .

33. Qualitative Research Methodology General framework for analyzing and interpreting qualitative data Coding : Axial Coding : Once open coding is complete, conduct axial coding to identify relationships between codes and group related codes into broader categories or themes. This involves organizing codes hierarchically and exploring connections between them . Selective Coding : Refine the coding framework by focusing on the most significant or frequently occurring themes. Selective coding involves identifying core themes that encapsulate the essence of the data and discarding or merging less relevant codes

34. Qualitative Research Methodology General framework for analyzing and interpreting qualitative data Theme Development: Theme Identification : Identify overarching themes or patterns that emerge from the coded data. Themes are broader concepts or ideas that capture commonalities or recurring patterns across the data set Sub-theme Development : Within each major theme, identify sub-themes or sub-categories that provide additional depth and nuance to the analysis. Sub-themes represent specific aspects or variations within the overarching theme

35. Qualitative Research Methodology General framework for analyzing and interpreting qualitative data Data Interpretation : Contextualize Findings : Interpret the themes and sub-themes in relation to the research question, objectives, and relevant theoretical frameworks. Consider the broader context in which the data were collected, including social, cultural, and historical factors. Integration of Findings : Integrate findings from different data sources or methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research topic. Look for convergence or divergence between data sources and explore potential explanations for any discrepancies. Reflexivity : Reflect on your own biases, assumptions, and interpretations throughout the analysis process. Consider how your background, experiences, and positionality may have influenced the interpretation of the data

36. Qualitative Research Methodology General framework for analyzing and interpreting qualitative data Reporting : Narrative Description : Write a narrative description of the key findings, illustrating each theme with relevant quotes or examples from the data. Visual Representation : Consider using visual aids such as tables, charts, or diagrams to present the thematic structure of the data in a clear and accessible format. Participant Validation : Consider seeking feedback from participants to validate the accuracy and relevance of the findings. This can enhance the credibility and trustworthiness of the interpretation

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