Robotics is an interdisciplinary field that integrates mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and AI

Robotics is an interdisciplinary field that integrates mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and AI

1. Introduction to Robotics Robotics is an interdisciplinary field that integrates mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and AI. It involves the design, construction, operation, and use of robots to perform tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously.

2. History and Evolution of Robotics • 1950s – First industrial robots introduced (Unimate) • 1980s – Rise of programmable robotic arms in manufacturing • 2000s – Growth of service and mobile robots • 2010s–present – AI integration and autonomous robotics revolution

3. Types of Robots 1. Industrial Robots – used in manufacturing and assembly 2. Service Robots – assist in healthcare, cleaning, logistics 3. Mobile Robots – autonomous vehicles, drones 4. Humanoid Robots – robots with human-like features 5. Collaborative Robots (Cobots) – work safely with humans

4. Components of a Robot • Sensors – gather information from the environment • Actuators – enable motion and manipulation • Controller – processes data and executes actions • Power Supply – provides energy to the robot • End Effector – tool that interacts with objects (e.g., gripper, welder)

5. Robot Kinematics and Dynamics • Kinematics – study of robot motion without considering forces • Dynamics – study of forces causing robot motion • Key aspects: position, velocity, acceleration, torque • Used in motion planning and control

6. Artificial Intelligence in Robotics • Machine Learning – enables robots to learn from experience • Computer Vision – allows robots to interpret visual information • Natural Language Processing – enables human-robot communication • Path Planning and Decision Making – for autonomous navigation

7. Applications of Robotics • Manufacturing – automation, welding, painting • Healthcare – surgery assistance, rehabilitation • Agriculture – crop monitoring, harvesting • Military – surveillance, bomb disposal • Space Exploration – Mars rovers, satellite repair

8. Advantages of Robotics • Increases productivity and precision • Reduces human error and fatigue • Performs dangerous or repetitive tasks • Enhances quality and consistency • Enables 24/7 operation

9. Challenges in Robotics • High cost of development and maintenance • Limited adaptability and flexibility • Ethical and job displacement concerns • Power supply and battery life issues • Security and safety risks

10. Future of Robotics • Advanced human-robot collaboration • Swarm robotics and collective intelligence • Integration with AI, IoT, and 5G • Soft robotics and bio-inspired systems • Social robots for companionship and assistance → Robotics continues to transform industries and everyday life.