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Robotics is the intersection of science, engineering and technology that produces machines, called robots, that replicate or substitute for human actions. Robots perform basic and repetitive tasks with greater efficiency and accuracy than humans, making them ideal for industries like manufacturing. However, the introduction of artificial intelligence in robotics has given robots the ability to handle increasingly complex situations in various industries.
What Is a Robot?
A robot is a programmable machine that can complete a task, while the term robotics describes the field of study focused on developing robots and automation. Each robot has a different level of autonomy. These levels range from human-controlled bots that carry out tasks to fully-autonomous bots that perform tasks without any external influences.

In terms of etymology, the word ‘robot’ is derived from the Czech word robota, which means “forced labor.” The word first appeared in the 1920 play R.U.R., in reference to the play’s characters who were mass-produced workers incapable of creative thinking.



Robotics Aspects

Mechanical Construction
The mechanical aspect of a robot helps it complete tasks in the environment for which it’s designed. For example, the Mars 2020 Rover’s wheels are individually motorized and made of titanium tubing that help it firmly grip the harsh terrain of the red planet.

Electrical Components
Robots need electrical components that control and power the machinery. Essentially, an electric current — a battery, for example — is needed to power a large majority of robots.

Software Program
Robots contain at least some level of computer programming. Without a set of code telling it what to do, a robot would just be another piece of simple machinery. Inserting a program into a robot gives it the ability to know when and how to carry out a task.



What Are the Main Components of a Robot?

Control System
Computation includes all of the components that make up a robot’s central processing unit, often referred to as its control system. Control systems are programmed to tell a robot how to utilize its specific components, similar in some ways to how the human brain sends signals throughout the body, in order to complete a specific task. These robotic tasks could comprise anything from minimally invasive surgery to assembly line packing.

Sensors
Sensors provide a robot with stimuli in the form of electrical signals that are processed by the controller and allow the robot to interact with the outside world. Common sensors found within robots include video cameras that function as eyes, photoresistors that react to light and microphones that operate like ears. These sensors allow the robot to capture its surroundings and process the most logical conclusion based on the current moment and allows the controller to relay commands to the additional components.

Actuators
A device can only be considered to be a robot if it has a movable frame or body. Actuators are

1. Presentation On “Robotics”

2. Contents History Robotics Terminology Definition of Robot Laws of Robotics How Do Robots Work The robot control loop Types of Robots Robot Components Degrees of Freedom Robotic Applications / Advantages / Disadvantages Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)

3. History The term "robot" was first used in 1920 in a play called "R.U.R." Or " Rossum's universal robots" by the Czech writer Karel Capek. The play begins in a factory that makes artificial people called robots . The word “Robot” comes from the word “ Robota ”, meaning, in Czech”, forced labour, drudgery. The word “Robotics” , used to describe this field of study was coined accidentally by Russian-born scientist and science fiction writer, Isaac Asimov in 1940s.

4. Robotics Terminology Robot - Mechanical device that performs human tasks, either automatically or by remote control . Robotics - Study and application of robot technology. Telerobot - Robot that is operated remotely .

5. Definition What is the Definition of a Robot? “A reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator d esigned to move material, parts , tools or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of Tasks .” Robot Institute of America.

6. Laws of Robotics Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics ” Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm . Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the first law. Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the first law.

7. How Do Robots Work? A robot is any moving machine that can be programmed to perform tasks and gather information from its surroundings. Robots work from a central microprocessor that controls their movements, they also have sensors for examining the environment and power sources.

8. The robot control loop Speech, Vision Acceleration, Temperature Position ,Distance Touch, Force Magnetic field ,Light Position Sense Task planning Plan Classification Learn Process data Path planning Motion planning Output information Move, Speech, Text , Visuals Wheels Legs Arms Tracks

9. Types of Robots Industrial Robots – –materials handling –welding –inspection –improving productivity – Laboratory applications

10. Types of Robots Mobile Robots- –Robots that move around on legs, tracks or wheels. Eg - In 1979 a nuclear accident in the USA caused a leak of radioactive material which led to Production of special robot – which Can handle the radioactive materials

11. Types of Robots Educational Robots – Robotic kits Are used extensively in education. Eg - Robolab , Lego and RoboCupe Soccer Domestic Robots – 2 types – those designed to perform household tasks and modern toys which are programmed to do things like talking, walking and dancing , etc .

12. Robot Components 1. Manipulator or Rover : Main body of robot (Links , Joints, other structural element of the robot ) 2 . End Effecter : The part that is connected to then last joint hand) of a manipulator. 3. Actuators : Muscles of the manipulators (servomotor , stepper motor, pneumatic and hydraulic cylinder). 4 . Sensors : To collect information about the internal state of the robot or To communicate with the outside environment.

13. Robot Components… 5. Controller : Similar to cerebellum. It controls and coordinates the motion of the actuators. 6 . Processor : The brain of the robot. It calculates the motions and the velocity of the robot’s joints, etc. 7 . Software : Operating system, robotic software and the collection of routines.

14. SENSORS Sensors provide awareness of the environment by sensing things. Sensors are the core of robots. It is the system that alerts the robots. Sensing can be in different forms like- • Light • Sound • Heat • Chemicals • Force • Object proximity • Physical orientation/position • Magnetic & Electric Fields • Resistance Ultra Sonic Infra Red Sensor LDR Sound Sensor

15. Actuators Locomotion Manipulation

16. Actuators… Locomotion- Legs Wheels Other exotic means

17. Actuators… Manipulations- • Degrees of freedom – independently controllable components of motion • Arms – convenient method to allow full movement in 3D – more often used in fixed robots due to power & weight – even more difficult to control! due to extra degrees of freedom • Grippers – may be very simple (two rigid arms) to pick up objects – may be complex device with fingers on end of an arm – probably need feedback to control grip force

18. End Effectors In robotics, an end effectors is the device at the end of a robotic arm, designed to interact with the environment. End effectors may consist of a gripper or a tool . The gripper can be of two fingers, three fingers or even five fingers .

19. Degrees of Freedom Each plane in which a robot can manoeuvre. • ROTATE BASE OF ARM • PIVOT BASE OF ARM • BEND ELBOW • WRIST UP AND DOWN • WRIST LEFT AND RIGHT • ROTATE WRIST

20. The Purpose of Robots Robots are also used for the following tasks: • Dirty Tasks • Repetitive tasks • Dangerous / hazardous tasks • Impossible tasks • Robots assisting the handicapped • Can operate equipment at much higher precision than humans. • Cheaper on a long term basis.

21. Robotic Applications EXPLORATION - – Space Missions – Robots in the Antarctic – Exploring Volcanoes – Underwater Exploration MEDICAL SCIENCE – Surgical assistant ASSEMBLY- factories Parts- - handling - Assembly - Painting - Surveillance - Security (bomb disposal , etc ) - Home help (grass cutting, nursing)

22. Advantages.. Going to far away planets. Going far down into the unknown waters and mines where humans would be crushed Giving us information that humans can't get Working at places 24/7 without any salary and food . Plus they don't get bored They can perform tasks faster than humans and much more consistently and accurately Most of them are automatic so they can go around by themselves without any human interference .

23. Disadvantages.. People can lose jobs in factories. It needs a supply of power. It needs maintenance to keep it running . It costs money to make or buy a robot

24. Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence  (AI) refers to the simulation of human  intelligence  in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. The term may also be applied to any machine that exhibits traits associated with a human mind such as learning and problem-solving. The goals of artificial intelligence include learning, reasoning, and perception. examples of machines with artificial intelligence include computers that play chess and  self-driving cars. 

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