ROLE OF F.S.L IN CRIMES

ROLE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY IN CRIMES

1. WELCOME 1

2. DR.JAYADEV VIJAYAN 2 nd YEAR PG SCHOLAR DEPT OF AGADA TANTRA VYAVAHARA AYURVEDA EVUM VIDHI VAIDYAKA ROLE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE LABORATORY IN CRIMES 2

3. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION FUNCTIONS & STRUCTURE F.S.L UNITS INCLUSIONS PRINCIPLES EVIDENCE ILLUSTRATION OF USE OF F.S.L IN INVESTIGATIONS FSL SERVICES & LOCATIONS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION 3

4. What is Forensic Science? Application of scientific knowledge to aid in the administration of justice Study and application of scientific examination and evaluation of evidence for legal purpose (criminal and civil) “science in the service of law ”. A special discipline (also called Criminalistics ) that is used to discover the facts about what happened during a crime. Includes providing timely, accurate, and thorough information to all levels of decision makers in our justice system. 4

5. Functions of FSL Examine, compare & evaluate physical evidence so as to link a suspect to the victim or to the scene of a crime . Protection of innocent (e.g . person who is suspected and arrested due to circumstantial evidence is set free, when real culprit is identified) Training of police investigators as what constitutes physical evidence, how it is to be found, collected, preserved and delivered to the laboratory 5

6. STRUCTURE OF F.S.L 6

7. FSL UNITS STANDARD OPTIONAL Physical Science Toxicology Biology Fingerprints Firearms Polygraph Documents Voice Print Photography Evidence 7

8. F.S.L INCLUSIONS: Forensic M edicine (Forensic Pathology & Forensic Psychiatry) Forensic Immunology Forensic Entomology Forensic Toxicology Forensic Odontology Forensic Anthropology Forensic Police sciences (Criminalistics , Questioned documents, Trace evidence, Ballistics) Other specialities ( Voice print examination, Polygraph, Fingerprinting, Cyber forensic) 8

9. Forensic Pathology Concentrate closely on the understanding of types and causation of injuries and causes of sudden and unnatural death Deals with the different stages of death Rigor mortis- S tiffening of the body (occurs within first 24 hours) Livor mortis- Settling of blood closest to the ground (occurs up to 12 hours) Algor mortis- Post mortem cooling (6-12 hours) 9

10. Forensic Psychiatry W ork with courts in evaluating an individual's competency to stand trial, defenses based on mental diseases or defects (e.g., the "insanity" defense and sentencing recommendations). Forensic Immunology Includes DNA fingerprinting & analysis Forensic Entomology It is the study of insects and their relation to a criminal investigation, commonly used to establish the time of death. Forensic Toxicology Deals with the medical and legal aspect of the harmful effects of toxins & chemicals on human beings. 10

11. Forensic Odontology Evaluates teeth to determine the identification of the deceased Forensic Anthropology Concentrates on the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed, burned, mutilated or otherwise unrecognizable Forensic Police Sciences Criminalistics : EvidenceS such as blood stains, glass , soil, clothing and firearms is compared, identified, individualised and interpreted. Questioned documents examination : Scientific examination of handwriting, typewriting, printing, ink, paper etc Trace evidence : Physical evidence that is found in small but measurable amounts, such as strands of hair, fibers, or skin cells. Ballistics : Characteristics of ammunition, firearms and residue are examined to find matches between suspects and the evidence found at a crime scene 11

12. Principles of Forensic science Law of individuality Every object, natural or man made, has an individuality which is not duplicated in any other object Law of probability Conclusion from stated premises & Deriving general principles from facts or instances . Law of progressive change Everything changes with the passage of time. 12

13. Principle of comparison Only the likes can be compared Principle of analysis The analysis can be no better than the sample itself Facts do not lie ‘Facts do not lie, men can and they do’ facts can also be created’ ! Locard’s principle (Principle of exchange) When 2 objects come in contact, there is always exchange of materials. 13

14. Locard’s Exchange Principle “Every Contact Leaves a Trace” The value of trace (or contact) forensic evidence was first recognized by Edmund Locard (1877-1966) in 1910. He was the director of the very first crime laboratory in existence, located in Lyon, France. 14

15. Evidence “ You can observe a lot by just watching .” - Yogi Berra 15

16. What is evidence? Any item or information gathered at the scene of a crime, or at related locations which tends to either disapprove or establish something . Any tangible material that can be used to prove the facts of a matter in a court of law. 16

17. TYPES OF EVIDENCE A.Physical B.Chemical C.Biological D.Miscellaneous 17

18. Physical Evidence 18

19. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE “Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves even unconsciously, will serve as silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool marks he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects -- all of these and more bear mute witness against him." 19

20. COMMON EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE Drug and toxic substance Resins, plastics Fingerprints Paints Explosive residues Hair Gun shot residues (GSR) Serial numbers Tissues Firearms and ammunition Documents Pollen Impressions Fibers Wood material Rubber material Soil Feathers Blood and other body fluids Glass Bones Tool marks 20

21. IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE Proves crime has been committed Eg - Gasoline at a scene of a fire Back ups witness testimony or disprove it Eg - Test blood stains of suspects Links suspect with victim or crime scene Eg - Broken glass of headlight in cuff of suspects pants at scene of hit and run Determines identity of people associated with crime Eg - Fingerprints , DNA Allow investigators to reconstruct a crime Eg - Blood spatter patterns 21

22. TYPES OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE Trace Evidence Transient Evidence Conditional Evidence Indirect Evidence Circumstantial Evidence Individual Evidence Class Evidence 22

23. TRACE EVIDENCE Hair Fibers Glass Soil Plants M inerals 23

24. TRANSIENT EVIDENCE Temporary evidence Can be easily changed or lost Usually observed by first officer on scene and must be recorded at that time itself Examples? Odours Perfume, cigarette smoke, gas Temperature Coffee pot, car hood, water in bath tub, dead body Imprints Footprints in sand, fingerprints in dust, teeth marks in perishable food 24

25. CONDITIONAL EVIDENCE Produced by a specific action or event at the scene Must be observed and recorded Examples Lights Doors Windows Position of furniture etc… 25

26. INDIRECT EVIDENCE Evidence that does not prove or disprove a fact in question Provides only a basis for inference about a disputed fact. May prove something like the possession of controlled substances or driving under the influence. 26

27. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE Evidence based on suggestion rather than personal knowledge. Implies a fact or event without actually proving it. M ore circumstantial evidence , the greater it weighs. Example : Blonde hair found in hand of murder victim with black hair & Size 10 sneaker print near the body Both of these limit the pool of suspects 27

28. INDIVIDUAL EVIDENCE Material that can be related to a single source Narrows an identity to a single person or thing. Examples DNA Fingerprints Handwriting Some physical evidence Piece of glass that fits another piece like a jigsaw puzzle 28

29. CLASS EVIDENCE Material that can be associated with a group of items that share properties or characteristics Object is similar to group of similar objects but not one single object Narrows an identity to group of persons or things Examples Blue jeans as evidence We can use some individualization such as length, style, brand, shade but there are still thousands of them. 29

30. B.CHEMICAL EVIDENCE Substances that do change their chemical nature can be observed when their chemical composition is altered Only observed during a chemical reaction Observed when one substance reacts with another 30

31. Signs of a chemical change Formation of gas (bubbles ) pH change Change of color (indicator) Formation of precipitate Change of smell Examples Digestion Respiration Combustion D ecomposition 31

32. TESTS TO PROVE CHEMICAL EVIDENCES FPN Test- Phenothiazines (Pink- Blue) Forrest test – Imipramine (Yellow-green) Fujiwara test- Chloroform,Trichloroethylene Dichromate test- Ethanol Ferricyanide test- Ferrous compounds 32

33. C.BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE S tudy of the investigation of a living or dead matter, in reference to its origin, behaviour and classification . Here Applies the knowledge of biological sciences in order to investigate blood samples, body fluids, hair and fibre samples. 33

34. D.MISCELLANEOUS Some of the examples given for miscellaneous evidence are give below Laundry marks Voice analysis Polygraph Photography Stress evaluation Narcoanalysis 34

35. ILLUSTRATION OF USE OF F.S.L IN INVESTIGATIONS 35

36. PAINT Physical and chemical analysis of paint evidence (chips or residue)  Indicates it --class , such as automobile paint, house paint, nail polish, etc.  C an be compared to 40,000 different types of paint classified in a database, which can be used to identify a particular make or model of car or brand of tool. Paint evidence can also indicate individual characteristics if an investigator is able to find similarities between two samples, such as the  colour  number of layers  chemical composition, or a  physical match between the edges of two paint chips – one from a tool and one from a crime scene. Paint Layers Physical Match of Paint Chip Edges Paint Transfer on a Car 36

37. The pattern of cracks in a windshield fracture can reveal information about speed, occupant position, and angle of impact. Magnified image of glass fragments GLASS • Glass particles can be found at various crime scenes, such as breaking and entering, hit and run, vandalism, or murder.  • Glass at a crime scene is analyzed to determine its color, surface characteristics, tint, thickness, density, chemical composition, and refractive index (RI). The results of the tests provide clues about the crime and help investigators connect the evidence to a suspect or other object used in a crime, such as matching glass from a crime scene to a headlight to a suspect’s car. 37

38. METALS Evidence which are metallic nature is in the form of tools and weaopons . EXAMPLES  Wood, metal pieces from the tool used by the criminal may be found at the scene of the crime and metals fragments from the door and window fittings. Could be recovered from the criminals clothing or tool . 38

39. VEGETABLE MATERIAL Algae and fungi are usually found on damp walls, in buildings, soils on vegetation and on domestic articles. Drowning death leaves algae residues in the water found in lungs. Examples:  The burglar climbing the damp wall or fall-pipe may get smears of green algae.  Grass fragments, pollen, weeds and seeds are identifiable with their particular source of orgin . 39

40. EXPLOSIVES • Explosive substances can be examined to determine its chemical composition to identify the type of explosive used and its origin. • Traces of explosives found on a suspect’s clothing, skin, hair, or other objects may be matched to explosives from the crime scene. Materials used to make an explosive device will be compared to evidence found in the suspect’s possession to confirm a match. 40

41. BALLISTICS •  Characteristics of ammunition, firearms and residue are examined to find matches between suspects and the evidence found at a crime scene. • Chemical tests can reveal gunshot residue (GSR) on the hands, face or clothing of a victim or suspect to indicate how close a person was to a fired gun. Rifling (grooves) in a gun barrel causes distinctive grooves, indentations and scratches upon fired bullets, which can be matched to the weapon that fired them. Police are able to search the National Integrated Ballistics Identification System (NIBIS) database to compare markings from bullets, cartridge cases and shotgun shells to ballistic evidence. Investigators can compare the striations on bullets to see if they match. 41

42. FRAGMENT MATCHES • When an object broken, torn, or cut, two unique edges are formed, which are referred to as fragment lines. These edges can be compared by the naked eye or with microscopes to see if they fit together , which indicates that they may have been part of the same object at one time. • Investigators may compare the edges on pieces of tape, glass fragments, paint chips, pieces of a car from an accident, paper bag, etc. to find possible matches . 42

43. SHOE PRINTS & TYRE TRACKS (IMPRESSION EVIDENCE) •   Impression evidence can be photographed, lifted with tape, or cast with plaster to compare to a suspect’s shoes or tyres . • Investigators will examine the evidence to identify the brand of shoe or tyre based on its thread pattern and other physical features to provide leads in the case. • Shoes and tyres will also show wear patterns after being used for a period of time as well as other features (scratches, nicks, and cuts) that can be used to match evidence to specific items. Example : shoeprints can be matched to a suspect based on how the threads on the shoes that are worn down due to that person’s walking style. 43

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45. TOOL MARKS •   Tiny nicks and chips form on the edges of a tool as it is used, which can be used to identify matches between evidence and suspects. • Tools may also pick up traces of blood or other substances that can be tested or have fingerprints that can be lifted. 45

46. . CLOTHES & POISON Fibres , paint, grease or dust may be found on the suspects clothes in a burglary and stains of semen or blood on the clothes of both the victim and the assailant in sexual offence. In a suspected case of poisoning, the identification of the poison is necessary. It must be remembered that the presence of injuries or a disease sufficient to account for death does not rule out the possibility of poisoning. 46

47. HAIRS & FIBRES • Hairs and fibres may be transferred from the suspect or the suspect’s clothes to the victims’ and vice versa. For example, a suspect may pick up carpet fibres on his shoes or leave hairs behind at a crime scene. •  Hairs can be examined to identify their origin, such as human or animal. Hairs with roots intact can be tested for DNA. • Fibres are used to make clothing, carpeting, furniture, beds, and blankets. They may be natural fibres from plants or animals or synthetic fibres that are man-made. 47

48. DUST & DIRT • Dust, dirt or sand evidence can reveal where a person has traveled and may be picked up at a crime scene or left behind. • Investigators examine the samples for chemical composition, pollen, plant material and other organic matter to find links to a specific crime scene. Microscopic Image of Sand 48

49. BODY FLUIDS Chemicals and ultra violet light can be used at a crime scene to find body fluid evidence ( Blood, semen, saliva, sweat, and urine) Areas with potential evidence are swabbed, bagged and collected in vials, which are air tight and have a low risk of cross contamination . Examples :  Vomit and urine can be used to test for alcohol, drugs, and poisons.  Cigarette butts may contain dried saliva.  Semen containing sperm is valuable for DNA analysis.  Blood can provide DNA evidence and blood spatter can provide clues about the crime. 49

50. DNA ANALYSIS •  Investigators can extract DNA from almost any tissue, including hair, fingernails, bones, teeth and body fluids. The DNA is used to create a profile that can be compared to profiles from suspects or victims. •  CODIS (Combined DNA Index System) is a database maintained by the FBI that is used to find matches to unknown DNA samples from a crime scene. 50

51. FINGERPRINTS ANALYSIS There are 3 types of fingerprint patterns: A rches  Loops W horls 3 types of fingerprints recovered from a crime scene  Patent/Visible- Visible through naked eye. Plastic- Collected from soaps, wax, gum etc. Latent- Retrieved only with the help of chemical reagents. Eg : from door locks, handles etc 51

52. 52 Investigators also identify unique ridge characteristics in a fingerprint that can be used to identify a suspect or victim. AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification System) is a database used by investigators at local, state and national levels to search for matches to fingerprints found at a crime scene.

53. WOUNDS ANALYSIS • Wounds can often be matched to weapons or tool marks on the weapon. Investigators may also be able to determine the weapon's size, shape, and length.  •  Analysis of a wound may provides clues to a victim’s injuries, characteristics of the suspect (left-handed, right-handed, height, etc.), and positions of the victim and suspect at the time of the incident. 53

54. FIREARM Analyze firearms, discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, unusual or homemade weapons, and ammunition components. Determines what kind of weapon fired a bullet, match bullets to specific weapons, and determine the trajectory and distance of a shot. 54

55. STRING AND ROPE The criminal may have brought his tools to the scene of tied up in a bundle with string or cord , and may have left it behind . If it is identical in structure, size, shape and appearance with another found in the suspects possession ,it is of great value 55

56. SKELETAL REMAINS •  Forensic anthropologists analyze skeletal remains to determine four characteristics for a victim: age, sex, race and stature (height/build).   Sex - Determined by examining the pelvis, humerus , and femur  Age and stature – Determined by analyzing the development of the teeth , bone growth and the length of specific bones such as femur.  Race – Determined by analyzing the skull for characteristics that are common among people of different races. • DNA samples can be collected from bone, teeth, and hair to provide clues to a person’s identity. Scientists may also be able to gain clues as to a person’s past, recent injuries or the cause of death based on bone fractures and other signs of trauma. 56

57. Questioned Document Examination Scientific examination of handwriting, typewriting, printing, photocopying, or other mechanical production of written material. Identify ink, paper, or other document components for authenticity, forgery, or alteration 57

58. PHOTOGRAPHY In the forensic science photographs are used As a means to record what has been observed To reveal that cannot be normally seen Applies specialized photographic techniques for recordi ng and examining physical evidence 58

59. FSL SERVICE 26 FSL – One in each state capital Regional FSL in important districts Karnataka – Bangalore, Belgaum, Mysore, Mangalore & Davanagere 59

60. LOCATIONS-EXPERT INSTITUTIONS CFSL Hyderabad - Chemical Sciences CFSL Kolkata - Biological Sciences CFSL Chandigarh – Physical Sciences New Delhi – Fingerprint Analysis CFSL Guwahati CFSL Bhopal CFSL Pune These laboratories are under the control of the Directorate of Forensic Science (DFS) of the Ministry of Home Affairs. The laboratory in New Delhi is under the control of the Central Bureau of Investigation 60

61. In July, 2012, NICFS * , New Delhi in collaboration with NCRB has installed a centralised solution called VERIFINGER & MEGAMATCHER To date;  More than 1 million criminal records enrolled.  More than 10,000 criminals have been identified.  More than 500 cases has been solved. *National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Sciences 61

62. DISCUSSION Rapid growth of poverty, recession of global economy, and the unjust behavior of humanity have become the contributing factors for increased criminal activities. These have triggered to continuous trouble to lives of innocent people and this is where the discipline of forensic science come in . So FSL plays a vital role in uncovering and unsealing unsolved mysteries in a certain crime scene . Thus FSL becomes the gateway to an honest justice system. It continues to give hope for the people who are seeking justice and freedom. 62

63. CONCLUSION “ No crime could be perfect ” Criminals always leave some clues at the scene of crime or with the victim. At the same time they always carry some traces of the crime with them. Forensic science expert collect these clues and examine them at the forensic science laboratory to confirm linkage between the crime and the criminal. So forensic science laboratory is essential in: Evaluating physical evidence encountered in different crime cases. Giving better, strong and reliable evidence in the court of law. Helping the crime administration. Acting as a deterrent to possible crimes in future. Helping the innocent people. Many cases are still remained unsolved where forensic laboratory couldn’t give any clue. so there should be more research work and development should be done to solve the unsolved cases . 63

64. REFERENCES Rao Nageshkumar G , Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 2 nd edition, Page No: 119,440,414,153,119,65, 5,395,408,445 & 419 Reddy Narayana K S, Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology,30 th edition, Page No: 78,189,1,439 & 434 Bardale Rajesh, Principles of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Parikh’s ,Textbook of Medical J urisprudence, Forensic M edicine and Toxicology, 6 th edition, Page No: 7.1,3.23,1.1,1.2,1.61,2.32,1.2,11.1,6.1,3.1 http://www.journals.elsevier.com/forensic-science-international / http:// www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=375 64

65. THANK YOU 65