Rootstock of temperature fruits

1. WELCOME

2. ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARMENT OF HORTICULTURE Presented by, S . SHARVESH M . Sc. (Hort.) Fruit Science Department of Horticulture

3. Rootstocks in Temperate fruit crops

4. INTRODUCTION ROOTSTOCK The lower part of the graft, which develops into root system of the grafted plant. It may be a seedling, a root cutting or a layered or micro propagated plant. SCION It is the upper portion of the graft that will provide the shoot system. It should be of a desired cultivar and disease free. INTERSTOCK It is an intermediate plant part that is compatible with both scion and the rootstock. Used in cases where the scion and the rootstock are not directly compatible with each other .

5. Interstock

6. Characteristics of good rootstock It should be always compatible with scion variety. It should form successful graft union. Should exibit faster growth. It should be reasonably free from branching and suckering habit. It should produce strong root system. It should withstand a wide range of soils and climatic conditions. It can be easily propagated by cutting. It should have vigorous growth habit, healthy and resistant to pests, disease and frost. It should have thick bark to hold the bud. It should support the budded plant to survive for a long time.

7. Classification of rootstocks 1. Seedling rootstock : raised from germinated seeds Ex : Crab apple, Kainth , Wild apricot Advantages: Simple and economical Do not retain viruses Deeper root system Disadvantages: Longer juvenility phase , come to bearing late. Variation Difficult to manage

8. 2. Clonal rootstock : Propagated vegetatively Ex : M9, M7, M27, Myrobalan B, Pixy Advantages: Genetically same as the mother plant Easy to propagate Early bearing nature To preserve their special characteristics Disadvantages: More no. of suckering habit Brittleness

9. FUNCTIONS OF ROOTSTOCK Strong root system Uptake of moisture and nutrients Dwarfing Earlier and precocious Better flowering and fruiting Tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress Cold hardiness Adverse soil and climatic condition

10. Applications of rootstocks in different Temperate crops

11. 1.APPLE( Malus domestica ) 1. Seedling Rootstock: In Jammu and Kashmir, seeds are collected from wild or crab apple variety called Trel is used as rootstock. Here seeds are subjected to stratification for 2-3 months at 4.4C . Then treated with 50ppm GA3 for better germination. Ex: Crab Apple 2. Clonal Rootstock: Vegetatively propagated by Mound layering, Cutting, Tissue culture. These are raised in closer spacing, after 1year head back i.e. mound layering and allowed to develop. After which separated and used as rootstock.

12. M9 Dwarfing, Precocious, HDP M4, M7, MM106, M21, M24, M25, Semi dwarf MM-111, MM-104 Semi Vigorous Merton-793, Malling-12, 13, 16 Very Vigorous M27(M13 * M9) Ultra Dwarf, HDP MM106, M4, M7 Resistant to Wooly Apple Aphid, HDP MM-111 Drought resistant , Resistant to Wooly Apple Aphid MM-104 Winter hardy clonal rootstock M-26 Suitable for All type of soil Some important clonal rootstocks

13. 2.PEAR( Pyrus communis ) Kainth / mehal ( P. pashia ) : Most commonly used seedling rootstock , vigorous, resistant to wooly apple aphid. Shaira ( P. serotine ) Quince A : Most commonly used clonal rootstock Quince C : Most dwarfing rootstock

14. Bartlett pear on quince dwarfing rootstock is mostly incompatible : ‘Old Home’ or ‘ Bearre hardy’ better interstock for compatibility.

15. 3. Peach( Prunus persica ) : Seedling progenies of peach itself Wild Apricot : resistance to Root knot nematode Wild Almond Prunus behmi ( P. mira ) : Popular rootstock Prunus besseyi , Prunus tomentosa : Dwarfing rootstock

16. 4. PLUM (Prunus domestica ) 1. SEEDLING ROOTSTOCK : Wild Peaches Wild Apricot Bitter Almond Prunus behmi ( Almond * Wild peach)

17. 2. Clonal rootstock : Vigorous Semi vigorous Dwarfing Myrobalan B St. Julian Mussel Myro 29C GF 655-1 Pixy ( P. subordata ) Myro 2261 St. Julian W61 Mariana 2624 GF 1246 Brampton Damascena Ackermann

18. 5. CHERRY ( Prunus avium ) Seedling Rootstock Paja ( P. cerasoides ) Wild bird cherry( P. padus ) Prunus mahaleb Mazzard Clonal Rootstock Colt F-12/1

19. 6. APRICOT (Prunus armeniaca ) Plum Rootstock : used for light soil Peach Rootstock : used for heavy and wet soil Apricot seedling

20. 7.ALMOND ( Prunus amygdalus ) Seedling progenies of almond Peach and Almond hybrids : GF 677, GF 577, Myrabalan 2032 Plum clonal rootstock : Mariana 2624, Mariana GF8/1,Damascena

21. 8. Walnut ( Juglance regia ) Walnut seedling J. Hindsii Paradox : commercially used J. microcarpa J. California Royal

22. 9. PECAN NUT ( Carya illinoensis ) 1 . Carya tomentosa 2. Bitter Pecan