rRNA Vaccines and their types immunology PPT.pptx

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) vaccines represent a groundbreaking advancement in the field of immunology and vaccinology. They utilize messenger RNA (mRNA) technology to instruct cells in the body to produce antigens, primarily viral proteins, which in turn elicit an immune response. This innovative approach is a departure from traditional vaccines that rely on weakened or inactivated viruses, or protein subunits, to stimulate immunity. The development of rRNA vaccines has been propelled by their adaptability, speed of production, and efficacy, which became highly evident during the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The rRNA platform centers on encoding viral proteins that mimic parts of a pathogen, typically a virus, triggering the immune system to recognize and destroy the pathogen upon future exposure. What makes rRNA vaccines particularly compelling is their rapid production process. Unlike conventional vaccines that require complex culture processes, such as growing viruses in eggs or cell cultures, rRNA vaccines are synthetically manufactured. This enables scientists to swiftly adapt the vaccine to emerging variants of viruses, offering a faster response to outbreaks and pandemics.

A key advantage of rRNA vaccines is their safety profile. Since they do not contain live virus particles, there is no risk of causing the disease in the vaccinated individual. Instead, the rRNA delivers instructions to the body’s cells to produce harmless fragments of the virus, typically proteins found on the virus’s surface. These proteins are recognized by the immune system, which then learns to produce antibodies and activate other defense mechanisms to neutralize the virus upon actual infection.

One of the most widely known applications of this technology is the COVID-19 vaccines developed by companies like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna. These vaccines demonstrated remarkable efficacy in preventing severe disease and reducing the spread of the virus, offering an unprecedented opportunity to control the pandemic. Beyond COVID-19, the potential applications of rRNA vaccines are vast. Researchers are exploring their use in combating other infectious diseases, such as influenza, Zika, and even cancer, where the immune system can be trained to target malignant cells.

However, despite their numerous benefits, rRNA vaccines also face challenges, particularly in terms of stability and storage. rRNA is inherently unstable and prone to degradation, necessitating ultra-cold storage conditions that complicate distribution, especially in regions with limited access to advanced healthcare infrastructure. Ongoing research is focused on overcoming these logistical hurdles by improving vaccine formulations that are stable at higher temperatures.

1. rRNA Vaccines Submitted by :- Mayank Kumawat Course :- BSc (H) MB Enrollment No. :- A22489222006 Submitted to :- Dr. Deepti Ma’am

2. rRNA Vaccines Vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a diseases-causing microorganisms. rRNA vaccines include their rapid development potential, scalability, and versatility in targeting various pathogens. rRNA vaccines do not contain live virus particles, they pose no risk of causing the disease they aim to prevent. rRNA vaccines, or replicon RNA vaccines, represent an innovative approach to vaccination. Unlike traditional vaccines that use weakened or inactivated pathogens, rRNA vaccines utilize self-amplifying RNA molecules. These RNA molecules not only encode the antigen but also carry elements of the viral genome that enable them to replicate within host cells.

3. Discovery of rRNA Vaccines The first RNA vaccine was developed in 1993 by Martinon . T hey obtained this RNA vaccine encoding an influenza virus protein, encapsulated in a nanoparticle liposome, in order to induce, in mice, the production of anti-influenza cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Katalin Karikó, and Drew Weissman invented the messenger RNA technology that serves as the foundation of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. India's first mRNA vaccine has been developed using the indigenous platform technology by Gennova , with funding support from Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC).

4. Types of rRNA Vaccines There are 5 types of rRNA vaccines:- Non-segmented negative-strand RNA (NNS) Vaccines Positive-strand RNA Vaccines Replicon particle Vaccines Self-Amplifying RNA (saRNA) Vaccines Viral Vector-Based rRNA Vaccines

5. Mode of Action Mode of action of rRNA vaccines :- Delivery into host cell Translation and replication Antigen production Presentation to immune cells Activation of immune response Memory formation Immune response execution Resolution and long-term immunity

6. Current research in rRNA Vaccines The current researches topics are COVID-19 Vaccine Development Broad spectrum vaccine platforms Therapeutic Applications Optimization of Vaccine design Understanding immune response Preclinical and clinical studies

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