SAARC.SOUTH ASSOCIATION REGIONAL COOPERATION ORGABNIZATION PRESENTATION IN URDU

Long Question Answer based on
Cambridge O Level Pakistan Studies (2059)
Paper 1 The history and culture of Pakistan
Chapter 10 - The Foreign Policy of
Pakistan.

* Foreign Policy
* Pakistan's Relations with the United States.
* Relations of Pakistan with India.
* Pakistan and Kashmir Issue.

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Q.1. Define Foreign Policy and what are the principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy?

* 1 Introduction
* 2 Definition of Foreign Policy
* 3 Pakistan's Foreign Policy in Light of Quaid-e-Azam's Words
* 4 Basic Goals of Pakistan's Foreign Policy
* 5 Guiding Principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy
* 6 Conclusion
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Introduction
No country today can think of a life independent of other nations. Every
country has to develop relations with other countries so as to meet its
requirements in economical, industrial and technological fields. It is thus
necessary for every country to formulate a sound foreign policy. Pakistan
is an important third world country, in its developmental stage. It also has
formulated her foreign policy keeping in mind its geography, politics and
economics.
Definition of Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy can be defined as relations between sovereign states. It is a reflection of domestic politics and an interaction among sovereign states. It indicates the principles and preferences on which a country wants to establish relations with another country.
Pakistan's Foreign Policy in Light of Quaid-e-Azam's Words
The father of the nation, Quaid-e-Azam defined Foreign Policy towards
other countries of the world in 1948, as follows ,Our Foreign Policy is one of friendliness and good-will towards all the nations of the world. We do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the policy of honesty and fair play in national and international dealings and are prepared to make our utmost contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world. Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support to the oppressed and suppressed peoples of the world and in upholding the principles of the United Nations Charter.
Basic Goals of Pakistan's Foreign Policy
1. Maintenance of territorial integrity.
2. Maintenance of its political independence.
3. Acceleration of social and economic development.
4. Strengthening its place on the globe.
5. Keeping cordial and friendly relations with all countries.

Guiding Principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy
Following are the basic principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy:

1. Protection of Freedom and Sovereignty
Pakistan came into being after great sacrifices of millions of Muslims. Like any other country, she also considers with deep regard the need for
preservation of its independence and does not allow any country to harm
its freedom. Therefore, the principle of protection of independence and
sovereignty is the corner stone of Pak.

1. Benazir Bhutto's First Term 1988-90

2. The end of zia government General Zia- ul -Haq along with his companions died in a plane crash on August17, 1988 on their way back from Bahawalpur. Thus, the General Zia- ul -Haq 11 years rule ended. Senate Chairman Ghulam Ishaq Khan immediately took over as President and resolved the leadership crisis in the country. President Ghulam Ishaq Khan held party-based elections in 1988. A large number of political parties, including the Pakistan people's party, participated in the elections. In the elections, the PPP led by Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto won in the center, Sindh Province and NWFP (Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa ). Thus, the PPP government was formed in the center and in the two provinces. Benazir Bhutto was sworn in as the first female Prime Minister of the Islamic world on 2 December 1988. The Islamic Democratic Union formed the government in Punjab. The formation of the government of Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto was termed as the restoration of the people's government in the true sense of the word

3. bEnAZIR Bhutto political career (1988-2007) Benazir Bhutto, (born June 21, 1953, Karachi, Pak.—died Dec. 27, 2007, Rawalpindi), Pakistani politician, the first woman leader of a Muslim nation in modern history. After receiving an education at Harvard and Oxford, she led the political opposition to Pres. Zia- ul -Haq after the execution of her father, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, in 1979. She subsequently endured frequent house arrest (1979–84) and was exiled (1984–86). When Zia died in a plane crash in 1988, she became prime minister of a coalition government. She was unable to do much to combat Pakistan’s widespread poverty, governmental corruption, and increasing crime, and her government was dismissed in 1990 on charges of corruption and other malfeasance. A second stint as prime minister (1993–96) ended similarly. In 1999 she was convicted of taking kickbacks from a Swiss company and sentenced in absentia to five years in prison. In October 2007 Bhutto was granted a long-sought amnesty and returned to Pakistan. In December she was killed while campaigning for upcoming election

4. Benazir Bhutto's First Term 1988-90 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan 2 December 1988 – 6 August 1990 President Ghulam Ishaq Khan Succeeded by Nawaz Sharif Preceded by M. Khan Junejo

5. (Administrative Reforms) Benazir Bhutto's First Term 1988-90 1. The dissolution of the Balochistan Assembly(Administrative Reforms) The Chief Minister of Balochistan, Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali, had just not gained the vote of confidence from the Balochistan Assembly in 1988 that the Benazir Bhutto government dismissed it. The Balochistan High Court took up the case, declared it as unconstitutional and restored the house. 2. Presidential elections(Administrative Reforms) Ghulam Ishaq Khan won the presidential elections against Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan in Dec 1988 and took the oath for the office. 3. Pakistan rejoins Commonwealth(Administrative Reforms) After separation from the Commonwealth in 1972, Pakistan rejoined it in 1989.

6. Benazir Bhutto's First Term 1988-90 4. Foreign Policy(Administrative Reforms) The Govt. of Benazir Bhutto adopted a ‘no-confrontation policy’ with India. When Rajiv Gandhi visited Pakistan to participate in the fourth SAARC Conference, Benazir Bhutto joined hands for establishing good relations with him. Benazir Bhutto was a gracious host when Rajiv Gandhi, her Indian counterpart, came visiting. The two at the time had tragic family histories behind them and, unbeknown to them, future gruesome and fatal tragedies awaiting them. | Photo: The Press Information Department, Ministry of Information, Broadcasting & National Heritage, Islamabad.

7. Benazir Bhutto's First Term 1988-90 Constitutional Reforms The Eleventh Amendment was introduced in 1989 during the first term of Benazir Bhutto's government. It was about women's seats in National and Provincial Assemblies 5. Social Welfare(social Reforms) The government had launched the Peoples Works Programme for development and social welfare of the country. For providing employment to the public, a department, Benazir Bhutto Placement Bureau, was set up. Thousands of people got employment through it. which provided thousands of jobs. The dismissal of the Benazir Bhutto government President Ghulam Ishaq Khan using the powers under Section 58-2-B of the constitution dismissed the Benazir Bhutto government on the charges of corruption and dissolved the National Assembly on 6th August 1990. Her first government lasted for about 20 months.

8. Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's first term 1990-93 After the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's first government, caretaker governments were formed in the country and elections were held in 1990. Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi was a Pakistani politician who served as the Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan for three months, from 6 August 1990 to 6 November 1990. In these elections, Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) was elected Prime Minister, Despite various measures taken by Nawaz Sharif government, he could not complete its term. The political situation in Karachi and interior Sindh was deteriorated. Relations between Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan became also strained, with the result that President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed the government of Muhammad Nawaz Sharif on April 18, 1993, , using Article 58-2B of the Constitution and dissolved the government

9. Caretaker government till next election The End of Muhammad Nawaz Sharif's first term 1990-93 In 1993Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi (caretaker)

10. Benazir Bhutto's Second Term 1993-96 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan In office 18 October 1993 – 5 November 1996 Former President of Pakistan Farooq Leghari

11. Benazir Bhutto's Second Term 1993-96 In the 1993 general election, the Pakistan People's Party won a majority. The Pakistan People's Party, along with other allies, formed governments in the center, Sindh,Punjab and NWFP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). The government of Benazir Bhutto was more confident and stable this time. BENAZIR Bhutto occupied a unique place in the political history of Pakistan

12. Benazir Bhutto’s Second Government Era (Oct. 1993 to Nov. 1996) Benazir Bhutto was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan for the second time in October 1993. The following are the important events of the second term. Administrative Reforms Presidential elections were held in 1993, in which Pakistan People's Party leader Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari was elected President. Thus, both the Prime Minister and the President belonged to the same political party. Steps were taken to establish good relations with other countries. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government (Administrative Reforms) The government of the Chief Minister, Pir Sabir Shah of the Muslim League and the Assambly were dissolved in 1994 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Aftab Ahmad Sherpao of the People’s Party was elected as Chief Minister. Industrial Reforms Many concessions were announced for setting up industries in the country, but heavy taxes were imposed on the people. Thus, the country remained a victim of industrial and economic crisis. Development Programmes During Benazir Bhutto’s second term, construction of Karachi Flyover Bridge and Lahore Bypass was started.

13. Reforms To achieve the Targets Plans for farmers and women Agricultural Reforms In the second term of Benazir Bhutto's government, Kisan Bank was set up to provide loans to farmers and tractors were provided to farmers through Public Tractor Scheme. Agricultural Development Bank and other commercial banks also issued agricultural loans. Farmers were able to buy seeds, fertilizers and pesticides with these loans. Social and health policies were framed for women. Women police stations and courts were set up for providing legal facilities to this class Foreign visits and the Kashmir issue P.M. Benazir Bhutto made successful visits to Iran and Turkey. She gained moral support of these countries on the Kashmir issue. Many agreements of cooperation in different fields were signed.

14. Reforms To achieve the Targets Educational Reforms Primary Education and Women (girls) Education were area of attention during this period. Steps were taken for the benefit of teachers. Government made an effort to increase facilities in educational institutions. Economic Reforms (8th 5 -Year Plan) The government launched eighth Development Plan. It aimed at accelerating economic growth rate in the country. The government announced a new energy policy in 1994 to overcome energy shortage and load shedding issues. A large number of gas connections were provided to large number of people. Pakistan steel mills became a profitable organization. Port Qasim in Karachi was extended . Constitutional Reforms In Benazir Bhutto's second term, no significant constitutional reforms took place .

15. Reforms To achieve the Targets Social Reforms People’s Works Programme was launched with the objective of social uplift and improvement in standard of living. Special targets were set for the welfare of women.Women Police stations and First Women Bank were established. Health Reforms Public Health Scheme was introduced in this period. Under this scheme Lady Health Workers were recruited. They were given the task to visit the women at their homes and give them information on health-related issues. Under the social security scheme, many dispensaries were set up in the country. Polio eradication campaign was started in this term.

16. The End of the Government Benazir BhuttoSecond Term 1993-96 The dismissal of the government of Benazir Bhutto Differences on different matters were developed between President Mr. Farooq Ahmed Leghari and Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. He dismissed the government on charges. Although, Benazir Bhutto's second term was more confident and better but even this time, his government did not last long. This time, Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari, the self-elected president of the Pakistan People's Party, made several allegations and using Article 58-2B of the Constitution overthrew the government of Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto on November 5, 1996, dissolved the National and Provincial Assemblies and announced new elections