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1. ACID RAIN BY : SANJANA 1GG21CS042 GUIDED BY KAVITHA.V

2. CONTENTS WHAT IS ACID RAIN? HOW DO WE MEASURE THE LEVEL OF ACID IN THE PRECIPITATION CAUSES OF ACID RAIN FORMATION OF ACID RAIN AFFECTED AREAS EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN PROBLEM SOLUTION

3. WHAT IS ACID RAIN? Acid is the precipitation that has pH of less than that of natural rainwater (which is about 5.6 due to dissolved carbon dioxide). It is formed when sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides as gases or fine particles in atmosphere combine with water vapour and precipitate as sulphuric acid or nitric acid in rain , snow or fog.

4. HOW DO WE MEASURE THE LEVEL OF ACID IN THE PRECIPITATION There are many high-tech devices that are used to measure pH in laboratories. One easy way that you can measure pH is with a strip of  litmus paper . When you touch a strip of litmus paper to something, the paper changes color depending on whether the substance is acidic or basic. If the paper turns red, the substance is acidic, and if it turns blue, the substance is basic.

5. Formation of acid rain

6. CAUSES OF ACID RAIN Acid rain is caused by the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, where they react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to become sulfuric and nitric acid respectively. The pH of acid-impacted rain is generally below 4.5 on the pH scale. Power plants release the majority of sulfur dioxide and much of the nitrogen oxides when they burn fossil fuels, such as coal, to produce electricity. In addition, the exhaust from cars, trucks, and buses releases nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide into the air. These pollutants cause acid rain .

7. AFFECTED AREAS Places significantly impacted by acid rain around the globe include most of eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia, the eastern third of the United States, and southeastern Canada. Other affected areas include the southeastern coast of China and Taiwan. Acid rain has already been reported since 1974 at Chembur, a major industrial area in Bombay city (Mahadevan et al., 1984). as buffers (Smith et al., 1970). In India, the first report of acid rain came from Bombay in 1974. Lowering of soil pH is reported in some parts of India like the northeast, coastal regions of Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha and in Bihar and West Bengal.

8. EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas effected by acid rain. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. Ra in also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow.

9. Acid rain is never acidic enough to burn human skin. However, very strong acids can, and will, burn your skin on contact, and can even destroy some metals. But for this to occur, the pH of these kinds of acids needs to be very low, around pH 1.

10. EFFECTS ON AQUATIC LIFE Acid rain causes a cascade of effects that harm or kill individual fish, reduce fish population numbers, completely eliminate fish species from a waterbody, and decrease biodiversity. As acid rain flows through soils in a watershed, aluminum is released from soils into the lakes and streams located in that watershed

11. EFFECTS ON BUILDINGS When acid rain and dry acidic particles fall to earth, the nitric and sulfuric acid that make the particles acidic can land on statues, buildings, and other manmade structures, and damage their surfaces.

12. THE PROBLEM Acud rain can travel long distances. Often it does not fall where the gas is produced.high chimneys disperse(spread) the gases and winds blow them great distances before they dissolve and fall to earth as rain. E.g gases produced in England and western Europe can result in acid rain in Scotland and Scandinavia. People probably couldn’t live without electricity. Therefore coal we continue to be burnt .also electricity and energy are constantly being overused.

13. SOLUTION A great way to reduce acid rain is to produce energy without using fossil fuels. Filter and detoxify the water used by the factories before returning it to the rivers. Reduce the emission of pollutant gases by industry. Encourage the production and use of renewable energy instead of fossil fuels. Reduce the energy consumption of factories and companies. Fill catalytic converters to vehicle exhausts which remove the nitrogen oxides. Limit the number of vehices on roads and increase public transport. Use renewable energy like wind power,solar panels,tidal power,HEP schemes and geothermal energy.