Scaffolding automation preparation and engineering ppt.pptx

Scaffolding introduces

1. Scaffolding

2. Contents Introduction History Materials Conclusion

3. Scaffolding Introduction Scaffolding , also called  scaffold  or  staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and  repair  of  buildings , bridges and all other human-made structures. Scaffolds are widely used on site to get access to heights and areas that would be otherwise hard to get to. Unsafe scaffolding has the potential to result in death or serious injury. Scaffolding is also used in adapted forms for formwork and shoring, grandstand seating, concert stages, access/viewing towers, exhibition stands, ski ramps, half pipes and art projects. There are six main types of scaffolding used worldwide today: tube and coupler  (fitting) components, prefabricated modular system scaffold components H-frame / facade modular system scaffolds suspended scaffolds timber scaffolds bamboo scaffolds

4. History Scaffolding was erected by individual firms with wildly varying standards and sizes. The process was revolutionized by Daniel Palmer Jones and David Henry Jones. Modern day scaffolding standards, practices and processes can be attributed to these men and their companies: Rapid Scaffold Tie Company Ltd, Tubular Scaffolding Company and Scaffolding Great Britain Ltd. David Henry Jones and Daniel Palmer Jones patented the "Scaffixer" in either 1907 or 1910, a coupling device far more robust than rope which revolutionized scaffolding construction. Advancements in metallurgy throughout the early 20th century saw the introduction of tubular steel  water pipes  (instead of timber poles) with standardized dimensions, allowing for the industrial  interchangeability of parts  and improving the  structural stability  of the scaffold. The use of diagonal bracings also helped to improve stability, especially on tall buildings. The first frame system was brought to market by SGB in 1944 and was used extensively for the  postwar reconstruction .

5. Materials The purpose of a working scaffold is to provide a safe working platform and access suitable for work crews to carry out their work. The European Standard sets out performance requirements for working scaffolds. These are substantially independent of the materials of which the scaffold is made. The standard is intended to be used as the basis for enquiry and design. Basic scaffolding The key elements of the scaffolding are  the standard ,  ledger  and  transoms . The standards, also called uprights, are the vertical tubes that transfer the entire weight of the structure to the ground where they rest on a square  base plate  to spread the load. The base plate has a shank in its centre to hold the tube and is sometimes pinned to a  sole board . Ledgers are horizontal tubes which connect between the standards. The spacings of the basic elements in the scaffold are fairly standard. For a general purpose scaffold the maximum bay length is 2.1 m, for heavier work the bay size is reduced to 2 or even 1.8 m while for inspection a bay width of up to 2.7 m is allowed. The scaffolding width is determined by the width of the boards, the minimum width allowed [ where? ]  is 600 mm but a more typical four-board scaffold would be 870 mm wide from standard to standard. More heavy-duty scaffolding can require 5, 6 or even up to 8 boards width. Often an  inside board  is added to reduce the gap between the inner standard and the structure. The lift height, the spacing between ledgers, is 2 m, although the base lift can be up to 2.7 m.

6. Bamboo Scaffolding Bamboo scaffolding  is a type of scaffolding made from  bamboo  and widely used in  construction  work for centuries. Many famous  landmarks , notably  The Great Wall of China , were built using bamboo scaffolding, and its use continues today in some parts of the world. Bamboo scaffolding was first introduced into the building industry in  Hong Kong  immediately after  colonization  in the 1800s.It was widely used in the building of houses and multi-story buildings (up to four stories high) prior to the development of metal scaffolding. In many African countries, notably  Nigeria , bamboo scaffolding is still used for small scale construction in urban areas. In rural areas, the use of bamboo scaffolding for construction is common. In fact, bamboo is an essential building and construction commodity in Nigeria; the bamboo materials are transported on heavy trucks and  trailers  from rural areas (especially the tropical rain forest) to cities and the northern part of Nigeria. Some of the structures in relaxation and recreation centers, both in urban and rural areas of Nigeria, are put in place using bamboo materials. This is not for reasons of  poverty  (especially in the cities) but to add more  aesthetics  to these centers. Bamboo materials are still used in the construction of some  bukas  (local restaurants) in rural areas.

7. Forms of bamboo scaffolding include Double-row Scaffold - Only double-row bamboo scaffold is allowed to be used for  working at height . Nylon Mesh- The perimeter of bamboo scaffold should be covered by nylon mesh against falling objects. The lapping of nylon mesh should be at least 100 mm wide. Access and Egress - Suitable means of access should be provided from the building or ground level to the scaffold such as gangway, stairs and ladder etc. Catch Fan - Sloping catch fans shall be erected at a level close to the first floor and at no more than 15 meters, vertical intervals should give a minimum horizontal protection coverage of 1500 mm. Large catch fans should be erected at specific locations to protect the public and/or workers underneath. Platform of Catch Fan or Receptacle - A suitable receptacle, covered with galvanized zinc sheet, should be provided within each catch-fan to trap falling objects. Steel Bracket - Steel brackets shall be provided for supporting the standard of scaffold at about six floor intervals. The horizontal distance between steel brackets is about 3 meters.. Working Platform - Every working platform must be at least 400 mm wide and closely boarded by planks. The edges of working platforms should be protected by no less than 2 horizontal bamboo members of the scaffold, at intervals between 750 mm to 900 mm and suitable toe-boards no less than 200 mm high. Special Scaffold All scaffolds with a height excess of 15 meters shall be designed by an Engineer. Competent Examiner- T hey should complete a formal training in bamboo scaffolding work or hold a trade test certificate on bamboo scaffolding and have at least 10 years of relevant experience. Trained Worker - They should complete formal training in bamboo scaffolding work or hold a trade test certificate on bamboo scaffolding and have at least 3 years of relevant experience.

8. Speciality Scaffolding Putlog scaffold- These have a flattened end or have been fitted with a blade. This feature allows the end of the tube to be inserted into or rest upon the brickwork of the structure. A putlog scaffold may also be called a bricklayer's scaffold. As such, the scaffold consists only of a single row of standards with a single ledger. The putlogs are transoms - attached to the ledger at one end but integrated into the bricks at the other. Pump-jack- A pump-jack is a type of portable scaffolding system. The scaffold rests on supports attached to two or more vertical posts. The user raises the scaffolding by pumping the foot pedals on the supports, like an automobile  jack Baker staging- Baker staging is a metal scaffold which is easy to assemble. Rolling platforms typically 740 millimeters (29 in) wide by 1.8 meters (6 ft) long and 1.8 meters (6 ft) tall sections which can be stacked up to three high with the use of added outriggers. The work platform height is adjustable. X-Deck ladder scaffolding- Low level scaffolding that is height adjustable. It is a hybrid ladder scaffold work platform.

9. Conclusion The widespread use of scaffolding systems, along with the profound importance that they earned in modern applications such as civil engineering projects and temporary structures, led to the definition of a series of standards covering a vast number of specific issues involving scaffolding. . The purpose of a working scaffold is to provide a safe working platform and access suitable for work crews to carry out their work. The European Standard sets out performance requirements for working scaffolds. These are substantially independent of the materials of which the scaffold is made. The standard is intended to be used as the basis for enquiry and design.