Research Paper On Flu Pandemics
The negative sense, single stranded RNA influenza virus belong to the family of
Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza viruses are causes human respiratory infections and
represent a major public health burden worldwide. Especially, Influenza outbreaks
have high rate of mortality in elderly, infants, and people with chronic diseases (1).
In the last 100 years, there have been 3 main influenzapandemics was identified, such
as 1918 (Spanish flu, H1N1), 1957 (Asian flu, H2N2), and 1968 (the Hong Kong flu,
H3N2). Among those pandemics, the 1918 Spanish flu pandemicis one of the worst
pandemic in 1900s history and that caused 50 100 million people died worldwide.
The 1957 and 1968 pandemics were also killed approximately 1 million people. In
2009, the most recent influenza pandemic (Swine flu, H1N1) was emerged and
infected over 200 countries and killed estimated 500,000 1,000,000 deaths (3, 4)....
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Influenza A viruses are responsible for pandemic as well as seasonal epidemics, and
causing infections in both humans and animals, such as pigs, horses, sea mammals,
and birds. Furthermore, Influenza A virus is subdivided into two groups based on
their membrane bound surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (H1 H17) and the
neuraminidase (N1 N10): group 1 (H1, H2, H5, H6, H8, H9, H11, H12, H13, H16,
and H17) and group 2 (H3, H4, H7, H10, h14, and H15). In history, zoonotic
transmission of avian influenza A viruses from birds to humans infected by subtypes,
such as H5N1 (10, 10), H7N9 (10), H9N2 (10), H6N1 (10), H7N3 (10, 10), and
H10N8 (10). To date, HA subtype H1, H2 and H3 and NA subtype N1 and N2 are
Influenza B viruses are classified as two types, namely, Yamagata like or Victoria
like. Influenza B viruses can only infect humans. Influenza C viruses are rarely
causing mild symptoms in