SCIENCE ENVI PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY.pptx

SCIENCE ENVI PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY.pptx

1. ACTIVITY Imagine you have a vehicle

2. ACTIVITY Now let’s make our own classification system…for cars

3. Two Wheels Four Wheels

4. Of the Four Wheels—let’s classify them further. . . Truck Car

5. Let’s classify the cars further. . . 4-doors 2-doors

6. Let’s take the sports cars down to the next level Convertible Hard top

7. And finally—let’s further classify the 4-door cars Silver Red

8. Here’s what our classifications look like in the end Transportation Two wheel Four wheel Truck Car 2-door 4-door Convertible Hard-top Silver Red Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

9. SCIENCE 8 Philippine Bio diversity

10. Learning Objectives classify organisms using the hierarchical taxonomic system; and 2 explain the advantage of high biodiversity in maintaining the stability of an ecosystem; 3 Explain the concept of species; 1

11. Coverage Species Diversity Hierarchical taxonomic system of classification Protection and conservation of endangered and economically important species

12. What is Biodiversity? Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystem and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystem

13. What is Biodiversity? Simply means the diversity, or variety, of plants and animals and other living things in a particular area or region. It also means the number, or abundance of different species living within a particular region.

14. What are the three Levels of Biodiversity? Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecological Diversity 1 2 3

15. Levels of Biodiversity Genetic Diversity This refers to the diversity within a species. The greater the genetic diversity, the higher is the chance of a long-term survival.

16. Levels of Biodiversity Species Diversity One of the components of biodiversity which pertains to the number and variety of the species present in any biological community. The earth’s variety of species contains even greater variety of genes, which enable life on earth to survive and adapt to dramatic environmental changes.

17. Levels of Biodiversity Species Diversity A species’ ecological niche is the role that it plays in an ecosystem or the total set of biotic and abiotic resources it uses.

18. Levels of Biodiversity Ecological Diversity

19. Ecological Level of Organism

20. Characteristics of Population Distribution

21. Characteristics of Population Distribution

22. Determinants of Population There are no stable population. Some population increases and other decrease. The size of given population may change rapidly while others may change much more slowly in some populations.

23. Components of Population Change FERTILITY It refers to a demographic phenomenon greatly responsible for setting a population change The means a woman has actually given birth to a live child Actual reproduction Fecundity – biological capacity of a woman to have a children at a future time. – begins at menarche – potential reproduction

24. Components of Population Change Method to measure fertility Crude Birth Rate (CBR) General Fertility Rate

25. Components of Population Change Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – which is computed by dividing the number of live births during a calendar year to the mid year population of the same period, expressed per 1,000 population. Methods to measure fertility  

26. Components of Population Change General Fertility Rate – the number of births occurring in a calendar year 1,000 woman of childbearing ages 15-49 Methods to measure fertility

27. Components of Population Change Differential Fertility – indicates the various observed in fertility within or among the population. Factors Influencing Fertility Differential Education , Occupation of the Father and Income, Rural-Urban Differential, Age at Marriage, Ambition Methods to measure fertility

28. Components of Population Change MORTALITY Refers to death It is negative component of population change. Method to measure Mortality Crude Death Rate (CDR) Age-Specific Death Rate Infant Mortality Rate Death Rate by Cause of Death Maternal Mortality Rate

29. Components of Population Change Crude Death Rate (CDR) – the number of deaths per 1,000 population. Methods to measure mortality  

30. Components of Population Change Age-Specific Death Rate – the number of deaths of persons in a given age-group per 1,000 population of that age-group. Methods to measure mortality  

31. Components of Population Change Infant Mortality Rate – is the measure to indicate the death of children in their first year of life. Methods to measure mortality  

32. Components of Population Change Death Rate by Cause of Death – commonly expressed in terms of deaths from a given country expressed in terms of deaths from a given disease (cause of death) per 100,000 population. Methods to measure mortality  

33. Components of Population Change Maternal Mortality Rate – the number of mothers dying per 100,000 live births. Methods to measure mortality  

34. Components of Population Change MIGRATION The movement of people from one area to another to settle permanently. Kinds of Migration International migration – is the movement of people from one country to another to settle permanently Immigration – the coming into the country of which the person is not a citizen for permanent residence. Emigration – the going from one’s country for permanent residence in another country. Internal migration – is the movement of people from one part of the country to another permanent residence. Maybe our-migration or in-migration.

35. World Population There are 8.2 billion as of 2024 This population account is based on calculations made using population data, birth rates, and mortality rates.

36. Philippine Population

37. Philippine Population Population Growth – means increase in the size of population

38. Philippine Population Age structure — the proportion of the population in each age class. It influences whether a population will increase or decrease in size.

39. Philippine Population Population by Sex: 2025 As the population increases, problem multiplies such as problems about food, housing, employment, peace and order, health, and others.

40. Philippine Population Philippine Population by Region as of 2020

41. Philippine Population Philippine Dependency Ratios (2025)

42. Reasons why Filipino have an Immense Growth of Population

43. Philippine Population Reasons why Filipino have an Immense Growth of Population Tradition of having big families Question of Gender The male macho image Educational background Unsatisfactory/Ineffective family relationship Economic reasons Contraceptive methods

44. Problems on Population Growth in the Philippines

45. Problems on Population Growth in the Philippines Environmental problem Increase in population means increase in waste materials thrown in the environment and there is a greater degradation and deterioration of nature.

46. Problems on Population Growth in the Philippines Social problem Over population may result to prostitution, drug addiction, crime, juvenile delinquency, suicide and others due to lack of opportunity to have a nice stable job because of too much competition.

47. Problems on Population Growth in the Philippines Economic problem The economists consider population growth a problem because it hinders the country’s effort to satisfy the needs of the citizens.

48. Problems on Population Growth in the Philippines Educational problem It is a problem when the Philippine government cannot provide enough education, classrooms, school facilities, education materials even qualified teachers.

49. Problems on Population Growth in the Philippines Health problem The health condition of the people is being affected due to adverse conditions: prevalence of disease, epidemics and undernourishment.

50. Problems on Population Growth in the Philippines Spiritual and moral problem Due to overpopulation, people become materialistic and liberalistic. The morality and spirituality of young generation seem rapidly declining.

51. Problems on Population Growth in the Philippines Problem of food supply Overpopulation leads to problem on how to provide for people’s basic needs.

52. Problems on Population Growth in the Philippines Problem of destruction of nature Population growth may result to fast deteriorating environmental resources, such as virgin forest. Agricultural lands are converted into industrial sites, biodiversity becomes endangered.

53. Implications of rapid population growth: the Philippine situation

54. Implications of rapid population growth: the Philippine situation Population and Natural Resources Population and Education Population, Health and Nutrition Population and Housing

55. Population Growth and Carrying Capacity

56. Population Growth Population growth is how the population size in particular environment changes over time. The birth rate and death rate are two of the most basic factors that affect the rate of population growth. Population size increases when birth rate is higher than death rate.

57. Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity is the maximum number of organisms that the environment can sustain . It is determined by the quantity of available resources such as food, shelter, and water.

58. Carrying Capacity

59. Carrying Capacity Exponential growth when there is unlimited resources in the environment. A population increase is observed which results in a J-shaped curve Logistic growth happens when the available resources needed to support the population are limited. An S-shaped curved is formed as the population levels off as it reaches the carrying capacity

60. Carrying Capacity Which of the two curve exhibits exponential growth? Describe the population in this type of growth. Which of the two curves exhibits a logistic growth. Describe the population in this type of growth.

61. Carrying Capacity 3. What happens to the population growth once the carrying capacity has been reached?

62. Carrying Capacity Below carrying capacity = increase Above carrying capacity = decrease Over time, population stabilizes at carrying capacity

63. Carrying Capacity Limiting Factors An environment factor that causes a population to stop growing. An abiotic or abiotic factor that restricts the number of individuals in a population The physical components of an ecosystem Any nonliving part of the environment The biological influences on organisms Any living part of the environment with which an organism may interact Abiotic Factor B iotic Factor

64. Carrying Capacity Temperature Precipitation Soil composition pH Humidity Salinity Amount of sunlight Availability of nitrogen Abiotic Factors that influence carrying capacity

65. Carrying Capacity All biological aspects of an ecosystem fall into this category. Vegetation composition often determines what species will be attracted to a given area due to food availability. Scientists not that competition, predator-prey relations, mutualism, and host-pathogen interactions are critical to consider when accessing carrying capacity. B iotic Factors that influence carrying capacity

66. Types of Population

67. Types of Population Optimum Population When the size of population is according to the size of natural resources are fully utilized, in the case per capita output will be maximum in the country is said to have an idea size of population.

68. Types of Population Over Population Overpopulation is the state where by the human population rises to an extent exceeding the carrying capacity of the ecological setting. In an overpopulated environment, the numbers of people might be more than the available essential materials for survival such as transport , water, shelter, food or social amenities

69. Types of Population Under Population Under population is usually defined as a state in which a country's population has declined too much to support its current economic system . Following are the impacts of under population: Unstable economy. Labor shortage. Decrease in population .

70. Population Theories

71. Guided Question: Why population theories are needed in community?

72. Theories about Population Thomas Malthus Karl Marx Ester Boserup

73. Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) He wrote “ An essay in the first Principle of Population ” which was first published on 1798. He generalized the relationship between the population factors and social change. Malthus predicted some checks on population. He referred to these checks as positive and negative checks. Malthus argued that because of the strong attraction of the two sexes, the population could increase by multiples, doubling every twenty-five years.

74. Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Malthus based his above arguments on man’s two basic characteristics essential to the maintenance of life: The need for food The passion between sexes

75. Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) The Core Principle of Malthus Food is necessary for human existence. Human population tends to grow faster than the power in the earth to produce subsistence. The effects of these two unequal powers must be kept equal. Since humans tend not to limit their population size voluntarily – “preventive checks” in Malthus’ terminology.

76. Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) Malthus held that the worlds population was growing rapidly than the available food supply. He agued that food supply increases in an arithmetical progression (1,2,3,4,5, and so on), whereas population expands by a geometric progression (1,2,4,8,16, and so on).

77. Malthusian Catastrophe Malthusian catastrophe (or Malthusian crisis) This refers to a situation where population growth outpaces agricultural production and resource availability, leading to widespread famine, disease, and mortality. Thomas Malthus predicted that population, when left unchecked, grows exponentially, while food production can only increase linearly or at a much slower pace. According to his theory, once the population exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment, a crisis would occur, which would result in a catastrophic event like famine, disease, or war to reduce the population back to sustainable levels.

78. Malthusian Catastrophe Even though food supply will increase, it would be insufficient to meet the needs of expanding population. Moreover, the famine and other natural calamities cause widespread sufferings and increase the death rate, which is nature’s check against population.

79. Malthusian Theory Malthus stated that… Population, is left unchecked, will grow geometrically : Whereas food supply increases arithmetically as the amount of land is finite:

80. Malthusian Theory Positive Checks (increased death rate) These are mortality risk (Kendall, 2001). They are those that limit population growth such as hunger, disease, and war . Positive checks were ways to reduce population size by events such as famine, disease, war – increasing the mortality rate and reducing life expectancy.

81. Malthusian Theory Negative Checks (decreased birth rate) Negative checks were used to limit the population growth. It included abstinence/postponement of marriage which lowered the fertility rate. Malthus favored moral restraint (including late marriage and sexual abstinence) as a check on population growth. However, it is worth nothing that Malthus proposed this only for the working and poor classes.

82. Malthusian Theory Infanticide Abortion Delays in marriage Strict celibacy Which all would lower the fertility rate War Disease Famine Which would increase the mortality rate and reduce life expectancy Preventive Checks Positive Checks

83. Karl Marx Starvation was caused by the unequal distribution of the wealth and its accumulation by capitalists. Population is dependent on economic and social organization. He also argued that food supplies would keep pace with population growth if wealth as distributed fairly.

84. Esther Boserup ( 1965) Esther Boserup believed that people have the resources of knowledge and technology to increase food supplies. Opposite to Malthus – she suggested that population growth has enabled agricultural development to occur Assumes people knew of the techniques required by more intensive systems and used them when the population grew.

85. Esther Boserup ( 1965) Demographic pressure (population density) promotes innovation and higher productivity in use of land (irrigation, weeding, crop intensification, better seeds) and labor (tools, better techniques).

86. Comparison Between Malthus and Boserup