Scope & applications of industrial biotechnology.pptx

industrial biotechnology

1. Scope & Applications of Industrial Biotechnology Dr. P. Suganya Assistant Professor Sri Kaliswari College (Autonomous) Sivakasi

2. Industrial biotechnology  engineers can seek employment in chemical and textile  industries , agricultural sectors, pharmaceutical firms and manufacturing  industries Scope Industrial Biotechnology

3. Introduction of Industrial Biotechnology The very first expression of industrial applications of biotechnology was found in the production of beer, wine, cheese, bread and other fermented products. Over the years, such applications have expanded to include a very wide range of products in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Genetic engineering and molecular biology have proved invaluable not only for the development of a host of products, but also for introducing new and more effective bioprocesses .

4. It, often referred to as , is a collection of scientific techniques and technologies used to improve both the efficiency and environmental foot print of modern industrial production. Microbial technology constitutes the core of Industrial Biotechnology. Microbial technology refers to the use of microbes to obtain a product or service of economic value. It is also called as .

5. Isolation of microorganisms from nature, Their screening for product formation, Improvement of product yields, Maintenance of cultures, Mass culture using bioreactors, and Recovery of products or services.

6. Metabolite production. Anaerobic digestion (for methane production). Waste treatment (both organic and industrial). Production of biocontrol agents, and Fermentation of food products. Bio based fuel &energy.

7. Microorganisms produce a number of metabolites during their growth using cheap substrates. Acetone-butanol, Alcohol, Antibiotics, Enzymes, Organic acids Vitamins.

8. Microorganisms employed to enhance the availability of nutrients, viz., nitrogen (by fixing atmospheric N 2 ) and phosphorus (by solublizing soil phosphorus), to the crops are called biofertilizers. Rhizobium spp. Blue-green Algae and Azolla. Azotobacter and Azospirillum.

9. Microbes can be employed to recover valuable metals from low grade ores and also from dilute solutions for which the conventional metallurgical processes are uneconomical and, generally, rather polluting. E.g leaching of copper as copper sulphate from ores. Desulphurization of Coals by Thiobacillus spp.

10. Use of microorganisms to control insect pests, pathogens or weeds constitutes biological control, and the biological agents employed for this purpose are called biocontrol agents. Bioinsecticides- Bioherbicides-

11. Ethanol currently produced by fermenting grain (old technology ). Cellulose enzyme technology allows conversion of crop residues (stems, leaves and hulls) to ethanol . Results in reduced CO 2 emissions by more than 90% (compared to oil ). Allows for greater domestic energy production and it uses a renewable feedstock.

12. Low input of substrate. High rate of output. Friendly to environment. Renewable. Increased efficiency.

13. Biotechnology and Medicine The use of biotechnology has opened up a whole new world of possibilities in the field of medicine These include dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease and Schizophrenia (the latter is incurred by a single aberrant gene ). Biotechnology also holds enormous potential for fertility control . Safe organ transplant and manipulation of the body’s immune system has also been made possible. Designer drugs is yet another development, which is specifically tailored to manipulate whole or parts of individual genes and to suppress or induce specific actions.

14. Antibiotic s most profitable part of the pharmaceutical industry. More than a hundred antibiotics are currently in use and many dreaded bacterial diseases have been brought under control. The major groups of antibiotics include penicillin, tetracycline, cephalosporin and erythromycin . E.g Penicillin was discovered by Fleming in 1928, and developed by Howard in 1944 from a fungus named Penicillium notatum and later from Pchrysogenum . Penicillium produces the largest quantity of penicillin when the cells stop growing.

15. Antibodies Whenever there is an invasion of bacteria, fungi or viruses in the body, the blood and lymph glands generate antibodies as a defense mechanism. T These antibodies (or immunoglobulin’s) identify the foreign substances (or antigens), and attach themselves to the alien material. There are millions of different types of antibodies in the body, and each has a particular structure. If an antibody encounters a foreign substance with the same configuration, the two will lock together. When antigens are implanted into mice, rabbits, goats or horses, many B-lymphocytes bind to the antigen to produce a range of different immunoglobulin’s as antibodies to the antigen. Thus the total antibodies generated towards a particular antigen have been produced by many different clones derived from different B-lymphocytes and are referred to as polyclonal. Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a clone of cells derived from a single B-lymphocyte. These identical antibodies recognize exactly the same antigen.

16. Therapeutic Applications Monoclonal antibodies developed against a particular type of cancer cell may lead to the regression of the tumor, as the cancerous cells are recognized as alien to body. Monoclonal antibodies can trigger off a patient’s immune system to start attacking a tumor. Anti-cancer drugs that are physiologically attached to monoclonal antibodies targeted against specific cancerous antigens can also be delivered directly against the malignancy. Prediction of Disease Risk Particular antigens on the cell surface (like those of human leukocytes) have been associated with the relative risk of occurrence of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, early recognition of these antigens using monoclonal antibodies can facilitate suitable preventive measures.

17. Autoimmune Disease This disease causes a breakdown in the body’s tolerance to its own antigens, as the B and T cells both react against their own tissue antigens. In rheumatic fever, the body becomes immunized against tissues in the heart and joints following an infection. Monoclonal antibodies against T-cell antigen are now being used to study and treat many autoimmune diseases. Pregnancy Testing After fertilisation and implantation, the foetal placental unit functions as an endocrine gland producing hormones. These include the human chorionic gonadotropic hormone, which is produced within three days of conception and reaches a level that is easily detected by monoclonal antibodies within seven days. The kits developed are used to confirm pregnancy as early as the eleventh day from conception.

18. New Drug Targets and Vaccine Development Some of the examples are: Insulin: It is an important hormone regulating glucose levels. Anti- haemophilic Factor: It is an important material purified from human blood, and used in the treatment of haemophilia . Action has proved difficult because of infection of haemophiliacs with AIDS virus. Human Serum Albumin: It is one of the most common blood proteins used in the treatment of shock injuries such as burns. Engineered Enzymes: These enzymes are used to treat a range of conditions from cardiac diseases to renal failure, to certain types of inherited enzyme deficiencies.

19. Food and Beverage Industry Xylanases : Enzymes are biological molecules present in various organisms. Microorganisms have been found to be a rich source of industrially important enzymes. One such enzyme is xylanase . Different types of xylanases have been identified and isolated by genetic manipulation. These include digestive enzymes for natural fibres like wood, pulp and cellulose. Xylanases play a very positive role in improving the quality of baked products. For instance, a specific xylanase enzyme has been identified and produced from a fungal strain ( Aspergillus niger var awamori ). Molecular manipulations have enhanced the production level of these enzymes by twenty to forty times. This enzyme (EXLA) was developed by Unilever, and is now available freely in the market .

20. Emulsifiers: Acacia gum is predominantly used as an emulsifier in the food industry due to its emulsifying and stabilisation properties. Using new molecular tools, emulsifiers are now synthesised from covalently coupled carbohydrates like starch, pectin, sugar and proteins from wheat, milk and soya bean. Peanut Allergy Testing: Many people have been found to display allergic reactions after eating peanuts. To combat this problem, it is essential to identify the cause of this allergy. For this purpose, a highly sensitive immunological assay has been developed by a Netherland based company to detect peanut proteins in foods. This is the first peanut assay with commercial applications. Effective Monitoring: Scientists are developing versatile gastrointestinal models for detailed monitoring of digestibility, bioconversion and biodegradability of foods and drugs and contaminants from the point of safety and functionality. These models (TIM-TNO – in vitro models) are now used for studying the digestive effect of nutraceutical foods. High Intensity Sweetener: Hoechst developed ‘ Aesulfamek ’, the high intensity sweetener under the name Sunett TM . Its efficacy and toxicological safety testing has established this product as an extremely effective sweetener.

21. Calcium Intake: One of the most important and innovative applications of biotechnology is to improve the calcium level in our foodstuff Researchers have shown that oligo -fructose, a naturally occurring, low-digestible oligosaccharide, increases calcium absorption by as much as twenty two per cent. Such studies can open the floodgates for new areas of health application and new classes of ingredients. These findings can be used to create new products in dairy, bakery, confectionery and drinks. Foods from Microbes: While brewing and baking have existed for ages, we are now using genetically pure strains in the process. Studies show that nearly 1.5 million tons of bakers’ yeast {Saccharomyces cervisiae ) is produced throughout the world every year. Modern plants have also reduced the time required in the fermentation process from months to days. Similarly, the fungus Aspergillus oryzae is being used to produce a wide range of important enzymes

22. Edible Mushrooms: Rank Hons McDougall PLC & ICI (Zeneca) have recently obtained Quorn myco -protein from a filamentous fungus Fusarium graminecerarum . Quorn is obtained from mycelia grown in large fermenters. The final product that is obtained has a meat-like texture, and is reported to be the most thoroughly tested food. The annual sales of Quorn are to the tune of 15 million pounds in the United Kingdom alone Paper Industry: Fungi that cause white rot have proved to be quite useful for the paper industry. Species like ‘ Phanerochaete chrysosporium ’ and ‘ Trametis versicolor ’ have replaced some of the chemical steps used in papermaking. This can eliminate the pollution hazards associated with the use of chemicals. Biotechnological forces are well on their way to herald a whole new industrial revolution. The force of this revolution will lie in exploiting living organisms, and using molecular tools as effective alternatives for conventional chemical based raw materials. And if present trends are any indication, this new revolution is going to redefine industry in the future.