Scope of Anatomy and Physiology.pptx

Discussing of scope of anatomy and physiology. also discuss of different terminologies used in anatomical and physiological study of human.
In this presentation students found the general basic introduction of human anatomy and physiology. what are the body systems? How many body systems are there?

1. Scope of Anatomy and Physiology Presented By: - Asst. Prof. Miss. J. Y. Burade (Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Amravati)

2. Content Anatomy Physiology Scope of anatomy & physiology Level of structural organization Basic life processes Definition of different terminologies

3. ANATOMY :- ( Ana= up; To my= process of cutting ) It is the science of body Structure and the relationship among them. PHYSIOLOGY :- ( Physio= nature; logy :- Study of ) It is the science of body function i.e. how the body parts work? ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

4. Scope of Anatomy IMAGING ANATOMY/ RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY SURFACE ANATOMY REGIONAL ANATOMY SYSTEMIC ANATOMY GROSS ANATOMY PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY CELL BIOLOGY HISTOLOGY EMBRYOLOGY

5. SCOPE OF PHYSIOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGU RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY RENAL PHYSIOLOGY EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY ENDOCRINOLOGY NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

6. LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Letter ----Word----Sentence----Paragraph----Chapter----Book SIX LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION CHEMICAL LEVEL CELLULAR LEVEL TISSUE LEVEL ORGAN LEVEL SYSTEM LEVEL ORGANISNAL LEVEL

7. BASIC LIFE PROCESSES LIVING NON-LIVING Reproduction Movement Growth Differentiation Metabolism Responsiveness 1. METABOLISM: - Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body Catabolism: - Breaking down of complex chemical substance into smaller one. Anabolism:- Building up of a chemical substance from smaller one. E.g. :- AA+AA+AA Protein ( Anabolism) Protein AA+AA+AA ( Catabolism)

8. 2. RESPONSIVENESS:- It is the body ability to detect and respond to change in its internal and external environment. E.g.:- Decrease in body temp--------Internal environment 3. MOVEMENT: - Include motion of the whole body, individual organ, single cell and even tiny structure inside the cell. 4. GROWTH: - Increase in body size Increase size of existing cell Increase no. of cells or Both

9. 5. DIFFERENTIATION:- Unspecialized cell Specialized cell It is the process of a cell undergoes to develop from an unspecialized to specialized. E.g. Ovum Embryo Fetus Infant Child Adult 6. REPRODUCTION:- Formation of new cells The production of new individual

10. SYSTEMS OF HUMAN BODY INTUGUMENTARY SYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM REPRODUCTION SYSTEM 11 SYSTEMS

11. BODY CAVITIES Confidential space within the body where the internal organs are located. Providing specific place and shape. The body cavities separate, support and protect the organs placed there in. BODY CAVITIES THORACIC CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY CRANIAL CAVITY ABDOMINAL CAVITY

12. BODY FLUID COMPARTMENT INTRACELLULAR FLUID EXTRACELULAR FLUID Sodium Chloride Bicarbonate ions Glucose Fatty acids Amino acids Oxygen Potassium Magnesium Phosphate ions

13. CONT… Intracellular fluid (ICF):- Fluid within body cell. Extracellular fluid (ECF):- Fluid outside body cell. Interstitial fluid:- The ECF that fills the narrow space between the cell of tissues. Depending upon location ECF is :- Within blood vessels is termed as – Blood plasma Within lymphatic system is called as – Lymph In and around the brain and spinal cord – Cerebrospinal fluid In joints – Synovial fluid In eye – Aqueous humor

14. HOMEOSTASIS Homeo--- Sameness Stasis--- Standing still Definition:- It is the condition of equilibrium in the bodies internal environment. E.g.:- Blood sugar level- 70 to 110mg/100ml of blood Homeostasis External Environment e.g. Intense heat, lack of O2 Internal Environment e.g. Low blood glucose level Social Environment e.g. Psychological stress Disturb Disturb Disturb

15. FEEDBACK SYSTEM A feedback system is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored and revaluated. Controlled condition: - monitoring of variables such as BP, Blood glucose level, Body temperature. Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a stimulus . Basic component :- Receptor Control centre Effector

16. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM A Negative feedback system reverses a change in a controlled condition. e,.g . The regulation of Blood

17. POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM A positive feedback system tends to strengthen the change in bodies controlled condition.

18. DEFINATIONS ANATOMICAL POSITION :- A position of the body in which the body is erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are at the sides, the palms of hands are facing forward, and the feet are on the floor. ANTERIOR:- Nearer to or at the front of body. Also k/as ventral. APERTURE: - It is an opening or orifice. APEX: - Conical structure or pointed end. APPENDAGE: - Structure attached to the body. ARTICULATION: - Joint AXILLA:- Armpit A

19. B BACK: - Posterior portion of body. BELLY: - Abdomen. BIFURCATE: - Possessing two branches. BILATERAL: - Two similar sides of body. BODY CAVITY: - It is a space within the body where the internal organs are located.

20. C CANAL: - A narrow passageway, tube like structure. CEPHALIC: - Pertaining to the head; superior in position. CERVIX:- Neck, constricted portion of an organ. Corpus: - The principal part of any organ. Cortex : - Outer layer of any organ Cranium : - Skeleton of skull. Cutaneous: - Related to skin. Cytology: - Study of cell.

21. Deep: - Away from body surface Deep fascia: - Connective tissue sheet wrapped around a muscle to hold it in place. Developmental anatomy:- Distal: -Farther from the point of origin Dorsal body cavity:- Cavity near the dorsal surface of body D

22. Ectopic: - Other than the normal position. Effusion: - Leakage of fluid from lymphatic or blood vessels into cavity or tissues. Elasticity: - Ability of a tissue to come back to its normal shape after extension. Elevation: - Upward movement of body part. Exogenous: - When the origin is outside. Extension:- Increasing angle between two bones. Extrinsic: - Of external origin External : - Outside the body surface E

23. Fissure:- A fold, slit or groove. Flaccid:- Relaxed, soft, lacking muscle tone. Flatus:- Air in stomach or intestine. Flexion:- Folding movement where angle between two bones decreases. Foramen:- An opening between two cavities or in a bone for passage of blood vessels or nerves. Fossa:- A shallow depression. Fracture:- Breakage of a bone. F

24. Gamete:- Spermatozoon or ovum, i.e. male or female reproductive cell. Genetics:- Study of heredity. Genitalia:- Reproductive organs. Gross anatomy:- Macroscopic study of structural features. G

25. Haematology:- Study of blood. Haemorrhage:- Bleeding. Haemostasis:- Stoppage of bleeding. Hernia:- Protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall. Hilus:- Also called hilum, it is area of depression through which blood vessels or nerves enter or leave an organ. Histology:- Microscopic study of tissue structure. Homologous:- Correspondence of two organs in structure, position and origin. Horizontal plane:- Also called transverse plane, divides body or organs into superior or inferior portion. Hypertrophy:- An excessive enlargement or out growth of tissue without cell division. H

26. Inferior:- Towards the lower part of the structure. Insertion:- Attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone. Intermediate:- Between two structure. Intrinsic:- Of internal origin. In vitro:- Outside the living body. In vivo:- Inside the living body. Ischemia:- Lack of sufficient blood supply. Isotonic:- Having equal tension/ osmotic pressure. I

27. Lateral:- Farther from midline of body. Lesion:- Any local, abnormal change in tissue formation. Ligament:- Connective tissue attaching bone to bone. Lobe:- A curved or rounded portion. L

28. Meatus:- External opening of a canal. Medial:- Near midline of body. Median plane:- A vertical plane dividing body into right and left halves. Medulla:- Inner part of organ. Midline:- An imaginary vertical line that divides body into right and left halves. Myology:- Study of muscles. M

29. Oedema:- An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid at a particular part. Orifice:- Opening. Origin:- Attachment of muscle tendon to a stationary bone. Osseous:- Bony. Ossicle:- Small bone. Ossification:- Bone formation. Otic :- About ear. O

30. Reference Phate Rahul P., Anatomy Physiology and Health Education, Pharma Career Publication, fourth edition, Feb 2019, Page no. 2-7. Ingawale D. K. , Mandlik S. K. , Human Anatomy and Physiology, Nirali prakashan , 1 st edition Sep 2017, Page no. 1.1-1.20

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