Scope of biochemistry

These slides provide information about scope of biochemistry in different fields of study and its scope in pakistan

1. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY PRESENTATION: Technical Writing and Presentation Skills

2. GROUP MEMBERS: SAEED UR REHMAN ADNAN MUNIR RASHID SHABIR BILAL IRSHAD FAROOQ AHMED HAFIZ M. AHMAD NAVEED 2

3. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY: What is Biochemistry? Biochemistry is a branch of science. The subject explores the chemistry of living organisms and that of their biological processes. Biochemistry deals with the chemical combinations and reactions that takes place because of the biological processes such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, heredity, etc. 3

4. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY: Importance of Biochemistry: Biochemistry is one of the branches of chemistry which deals with the chemical basis of life in plants and animals. It is used in clinical diagnosis, manufacture of various biological products, treatment of diseases, in nutrition, agriculture, etc. It tries to explain life in terms of biochemical reactions, including other sciences as Anatomy, Medicine, Agriculture, pharmacy, etc. 4

5. MEDICINE 5

6. MEDICINE: Physiology : Biochemistry helps one understand the biochemical changes and related physiological alteration in the body. Pathology of any disease is studied through biochemical changes. Pathology : Based on the symptoms described by the patient, the physician can get a clue on the biochemical change and the associated disorder. For example, if a patient complains about stiffness in small joints, then the physician may predict it to be gout and get confirmed by evaluating uric acid levels in the blood as uric acid accumulation in blood results in gout. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY: 6

7. MEDICINE: Nutrition deficiency : In the present scenario, many people rely on taking multivitamin & minerals for better health. The function and role of the  vitamin  in the body are described only by biochemistry. Hormonal deficiency : There are many disorders due to hormonal imbalance in especially women and children. The formation, role of hormones in the normal body function is taught in biochemistry by which the physician can understand the concerned problem during treatment. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY: 7

8. NURSING 8

9. 9 SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY: NURSING: Kidney function test : For example in kidney disorders, other chemotherapy treatment, etc. urine test help understand the extent of excretion of drugs or other metabolites, the change in pH, the color of urine, etc. Liver function tests  help understand the type of disease or damage to the liver, the effect of any medication on the liver, etc.

10. NURSING: Blood test : In diabetes,  biochemical  analytical test  for blood glucose level (above 150mg/deciliter) helps one understand the severity of diabetes disorder.  Another biochemical analysis for ketones bodies in urine also indicates the stage of diabetes. The appearance of ketone bodies or ketone urea is mostly the last stage of diabetes. Serum cholesterol test:  Evaluation of blood cholesterol level and other lipoproteins helps to understand the proneness of the patient to cardiovascular diseases. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY: 10

11. AGRICULTURE 11

12. 12 SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY: AGRICULTURE: Prevent diseases : It helps for prevention, treatment of diseases and also increases the production or yield. Enhance growth : Biochemistry gives an idea of how the use of fertilizers can increase plant growth, their yield, quality of food, etc. Enhance Yield : Some  hormones promote growth , while others encourage flowering, fruit formation, etc. In fisheries, the use of substances to promote fish growth, their reproduction, etc. can be understood.

13. AGRICULTURE: Adulteration : Even the composition of food material produced, their alteration or adulteration for example in honey can be found by biochemical tests. Biochemistry tests help prevent contamination. Biochemical tests:  for the pesticide residues or other toxic waste in plant, food grain and soil can be evaluated. Hence during import and export of food grains, a biochemical check of the toxic residues is done to fix the quality. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY: 13

14. In animal husbandry , the quality of milk can be checked by biochemical tests. It also helps diagnose any disease condition in animals and  birds . In fisheries , the water quality is regularly monitored by biochemical tests. Any drastic change in water chemistry & composition of fishery ponds can lead to the vast death of fishes and prawns. Hence the tests are done regularly to see salt content (calcium content), pH, accumulation of waste due to not changing water for long, etc. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY: 14 AGRICULTURE:

15. NUTRITION 15

16. NUTRITION: Food chemistry :  gives an idea of what we eat, i.e., it’ s components like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, etc. and also the possible physiological alteration due to their deficiency. The role of nutrients : Due to biochemistry the importance of vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, their contribution to health were known. Hence there is a frequent recommendation for inclusion of crucial amino-acids, cod liver oil, salmon fish oil, etc. by physicians and other health and fitness experts. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY: 16

17. PHARMACY 17

18. 18 SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY: PHARMACY: Drug Constitution : Biochemistry gives an idea of the constitution of the drug, its chances of degradation with varying temperature, etc. How modification in  medicinal chemistry  helps improve efficiency, minimize side effects, etc. The half-life : This is a test done on biochemical drugs to know how long a drug is stable when kept at so and so temperature. Biochemical tests:  These tests help fix the specific half-life or date of expiry of drugs.

19. PHARMACY: Drug storage : The storage condition required can be estimated by the biochemical test. For example many enzymes, hormones are stored for dispensing. These get deteriorated over time due to temperature or oxidation, contamination and also due to improper storage. Drug metabolism : It also gives an idea of how drug molecules are metabolized by many biochemical reactions in the presence of enzymes. This helps to avoid drugs which have a poor metabolism or those with excessive side effects from being prescribed or dispensed to the patient. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY: 19

20. PLANTS 20

21. This describes how  carbohydrates  are synthesized by the use of sunlight, CO2, and water in the green leaves of plants. It goes on to explain about different complex enzymes involved in the process to combine the energy of sun within the molecules H2O+ CO2 in the form of carbohydrates. PLANTS: 21 Photosynthesis:

22. By use of the above photosynthesis pathway, plants leave out Oxygen while taking up Carbon dioxide from the  air . This air is used to generate energy in a cell like that of animal cells. PLANTS 22   Respiration:

23. PLANTS:   Different sugars : Biochemistry defines different types of carbohydrates formed in plants like trioses (3 carbon sugars, i.e., glyceraldehyde), tetroses(4), pentoses (5), hexoses(6= glucose), heptoses (7), etc. Tetroses are the carbohydrates which go on to form the nucleic acids, i.e., deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA). SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY: 23

24. PLANTS: Plants secondary metabolites : Biochemistry also describes how the plant products like gums, tannins, alkaloids, resins, enzymes,  phytohormones   are formed inside the plant. Further, how the different  plant cell parts  are involved in physiology. The conversion of different biochemical over some time like lignin, chitin to harden the dead vascular vessels, etc. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY 24

25. PLANTS: Other functions : It also describes how plants fruits get ripened, how to plant seed germinates, the respiration process inside the  plant cell , how proteins and  amino acids  are formed on rough endoplasmic reticulum and fats are formed on smooth ER. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY 25

26. BIOCHEMISTRY IN PAKISTAN 26

27. BIOCHEMISTRY IN PAKISTAN: A lot of universities and colleges in Pakistan are offering different courses of Biochemistry. Courses of Biochemistry starts at undergraduate level in Pakistan. A student can start studying biochemistry at undergraduate level after passing F. Sc Pre Medical. Undergraduate study is followed by MS and PhD. Degrees. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY 27

28. COURSES OFFERED IN PAKISTAN: B. Sc. (2 years) M. Sc. (2 years) BS (4 years) M. Phil./MS (2 years) Ph. D. (3-5 years) SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY 28

29. Food Analyst: They are tasked with quality assurance of food products and detection of any adulteration. There is a growing demand for these individuals, both in the public and private sector. Agrochemist:  Their job is to improve agricultural produce by studying conditions that hamper this process. Study of climate, soil characteristics, water, etc. all come under their domain. They are employed by government institutes as well as private farms. Researcher:  Their job is to conduct research and propose guidelines for the agriculture industry, food industry, drug industry, etc. Their research is published in national and international journals. These individuals are sometimes employed by the government for recommendations regarding agriculture policies. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY 29 CAREER PROSPECTUS:

30. You should select Biochemistry if you have interests in the following things: Natural sciences Biology Chemistry Research Veterinary medicine agriculture Nutrition, etc. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY 30 Interests:

31. In Pakistan a Biochemist can apply for jobs in following: Medical Labs. Forensic Labs. Education Department. Pharmaceutical Industry. Research Organizations. Agriculture Research Institutes. Public Health Department. Biochemical Industry. Hospitals. Agriculture Firms. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY 31 BIOCHEMISTRY JOBS IN PAKISTAN:

32. BIOCHEMISTS APPROX. SALARY: The salary of biochemist may vary from public sector to private sector and also from post to post in any sector. The estimate salary for a fresh biochemist starts from 40,000 Rs to 60, 000 Rs. But after getting some experience a biochemist can also earn salary from 60, 000 Rs to 150, 000 Rs depending upon his field and post. SCOPE OF BIOCHEMISTRY 32

33. The Pakistan Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology was founded in 1963 with the name as Pakistan Society of Biochemists. Prof. M.I.D. Chughtai and Prof. M. Ataur Rehman were its founding President and Secretary, respectively. Initial name of the Society was changed to the current one in the year 1997 in line with the international trends. Ever since its establishment the Society has been working to promote the sciences of biochemistry, molecular biology and biotechnology in the country. With the growth of scientific activities in general, the activity in biochemical sciences has also grown with increased number of scientists working in it. Pakistan Society for Biochemistry & Molecular Biology: 33

34. SAEED RAMAY [email protected] THANK YOU 34