SCP (single cell protein) production

Single cell protein....in this slide we see about a how to produce and advantage and uses of single cell protein and culture maintain.

1. SCP PRODUCTION Submitted by; k. Jayalakshmi I I m.sc biotechnology.

2. INTRODUCION Single cell protein ( scp ) refers to the microbial cells or total protein extracted from pure microbial cell culture (monoculture) which can be used as protein supplement for human or animal. Dried biomass of a single species of microbe that can be used as a protein source in the diet, is known as single cell protein (SCP) . The dried biomass of some microorganisms is rich in nutritionally valuable protein, vitamins and mineral and it does not contain any toxic substances.

3. It is used as a protein source in human died and animals feed. For the first time, during world war I, in Germany biomass of saccharomyces cerevisiae was produced in large scales and consumed as a protein source. World war II, biomass of candida utilis was consumed as SCP. Since then many microbe have been invented for their nutritive value and consumed as a protein source.

4. SINGLE CELL PROTEIN Single cell protein broadly refers to the microbial or protein extract used as food or feed additive. Contain (about 60-80%) of dry cell weight), SCP also contains, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acid, vitamins, and minerals and amino acids. The biomass of the following microbes, ALGAE: FUNGI: BACTERIA: chlorella pyrenoidosa candida utilis bacillus megatarium spirulina maxima candida lipolytica acromobacter dunaliella salina aspergillus niger h y d r o g e n o m u s . p

5. ADVANTAGE Microbes require small space for mass culture. They can be grown in cheap raw materials and waste in large tanks or bioreactors. Continuous culture of microbes is easy without the interference of climatic factors. Microbial biomass is rich in easily digestible, nutritionally valuable proteins, vitamins and minerals. Amin0 acid compositions of the microbe can easily be manipulated to increase the nutritional value. Some microbial cultures produce secondary metabolites. Microbes can be cultured in any locality irrespective of the climatic conditions.

6. ALGAE AS (SCP)- SPIRULINA Spirulina is a spirally coiled, multicellular, filamentous blue green alga. Naturally found in freshwaters, brackishwaters, marine water, hot spring and moist soils. The US fedral drug administration, recognized spirulina as a supplement to human food and animal feed in 1980. Rich source of protein (67%), vitamins, minerals and β carotenes. By 1821, spirulina maxima biomass was collected from texococo lake and made in to biscuits and sold in Mexico.

7. MASS CULTURE Spirulina is cultured in large scales in artificial ponds or tanks or oxidation ponds. Cost effective culture of spirulina requires improved biomass productivity, better light utilizations and efficient co2 consumptions. Open system and closed system are used to grow spirulina in large scale. I) open circulating system II) oxidation pond system III) photo bioreactors

8. DRYING AND PACKING The harvested biomass of spirulina is washed with an acid water( pH 4) remove toxic pollutants. Then washed with tap water to clean acid water. The washed biomass is spread on polytene sheet in the sunlight. The dried flakes are colleced and made into powder. The dried biomass is packed in aluminum lined bags or sealed bottles for marketing. Spray drying is followed in the dark, if the biomass has to be used to make pills along with vitamin A and C.

9. USES; As healthy foods As therapeutic agend ex, β carotene used as cancer research. Used as supplement animal feed. Raw material for cosmetics.

10. MICROORGANISMS AND SUBSTRATE USED FOR PRODUCTION OF SCP MICROORGANISMS SUBSTRATE BACTERIA methane, methanol, alkanes, c1-c4 hydrocarbons. YEASTS Alkanes , sulfite liquor, whey, molasses, methanol. FUNGI cellulosic wastes, sulfite liquor, molasses, straw, starch ALGAE carbon dioxide (co2) MUSHROOMS compost, rice straw, whey, sulfite liquor, saw dust, cotton, straw.

11. The selection of microorganisms for scp production is based on several criteria. These include their nutritive value, non pathogenic nature, production cost, raw materials used and grown patter. Categories; I) high –energy sources. e.g. alkanes, methane, methanol, ethanol, gas oil. II) waste products. e.g. molasses, whey, sewage, animal manures, straw. III) agricultural and foresty sources. E.g. cellulose, lignin. IV) carbon dioxide. Simple carbon source

12. PRODUCTION OF SCP FROM HIGH ENERGY SOURCES There are a large number of energy rich carbon compounds or their derivatives which serve as raw materials for scp production. Include alkanes, methane, methanol, ethanol and gas oil. PRODUCTION OF SCP FROM ALKANES; Alkanes can be degraded by many yeasts, certain bacteria and fungi. The major limitation of alkanes is that they are not easily soluble, hence they cannot enter the cells rapidly. E.g., yeasts ( candida sp., saccharomycopsis sp.,)

13. Petroleum products for scp production : I ) gas oil or diesel oil (alkanes 10-25%) II) short chain alkanes (C10-C17) Degradation of alkanes: A lkanes have to be first broken down to appropriate metabolites for their utilization to form scp. The most important step this direction is the introduction of oxygen into alkanes which can be brought out by two pathways- I) terminal oxidation II) sub terminal oxidation

14. Limitations: the major drawback of alkanes as substrates is the formation of carcinogens, along with scp which are highly harmful. For the reason, many countries have discontinued alkane-based production of scp. II) PRODUCTION OF SCP FROM WASTES: There are several materials that serve no useful purpose and they are collectively referred to as waste. E.g. molasses, whey, animal manures, sewage, straw, date wastes. There are several advantages of utilizing waste for the production of scp. Thus saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for molasses, kulyveromyces fragilis for cheese whey.

15. I)Symbha process: Symbha process is a novel technology developed in Sweden to produce scp by utilizing starchy wastes by employing two yeast. phase I: the waste material contain starch is sterilized by passing through a heat exchanger. phase II: the sterilized material is passed through two bioreactor. First reactor contains E. fibuligira which hydrolyses starch. Next it will be transfer to second bioreactor. And later it form biomass. phase III: biomass were separated by centrifugation. The samples of scp can be dried, packaged and stored. uses: used as an animal feed such as pigs, calves, and chicken.

16. III)PRODUCTION OF SCP FROM WOOD : The natural waste wood sources containing cellulose, hemi cellulose and lignin are attractive natural sources for the production of scp. It is however, essential to breakdown these cellulosic compounds into fermentable sugars. For this purpose, extracellular cellulases can be used. certain bacteria and fungi are good sources for cellulases. In some instances, the cellulosic materials can be directly used for biomass production. The resultant scp is used as animal feed.

17. PRODUCTION OF SCP FROM CO2: Certain algae grown in open ponds require only co2 as the carbon source. In the presence of sunlight, they can effectively carry out photosynthesis, and produce scp. Example : chlorella sp and spirulina sp etc ., Uses : chlorella is used as a protein and vitamin supplement for enriching ice-creams, breads and yoghurts in some countries. Th e resultant algae biomass can be harvested, dried and powdered. Used as animal feed.

18. PRODUCTION OF SCP FROM SEWAGE Domestic sewage is normally used for a large scale production of methane, which in turn may be utilized for the production of scp. The sewage obtained from industrial wastes in cellulose processing, starch production and food processing can be utilized for the production and food processing can be utilized for the production of scp. The organism candida utilis is used to produce scp by using effluent formed during the course of paper manufacture.

19. GENETICALLY ENGINEERED AFTIFICIAL PROTEIN AS ANIMAL FEED Rumen bacteria can synthesize amino acids. Some workers have developed genetically engineered strains of rumen bacteria that can produce a protein rich in methionine, threonine, lysine and leucine. This artificial protein has a total of 100 amino acids, of which 57 are essential. However, the large scale production of artificial protein by rumen bacteria is yet to be clearly established and commercialized.