ScTS-11-Lesson-1.pptx calssification of phylum cnidaria

About eco system

1. General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society

2. Lesson 1: INTELLECTUAL REVISIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

3. Objectives 1. Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of the scientific revolution. 2. Analyze how the scientific revolution was made in various parts of the world (Latin America, East Asia, Middle East, and Africa).

4. What is Science? “ scire ” meaning “ to know ” and “ scientia ” meaning “ knowledge ” Systematic testable explanation and prediction about the world A body of knowledge (Aristotle)

5. Science can be defined as As an idea As an intellectual activity As a body of knowledge As a personal and social activity

6. What is Technology? Activities that apply science and mechanics to solve problem. Inventions that can be used to improve the quality of our lives. Products of technology are called inventions

7. What is Society? A group of organized people occupying in a common territory, subject to same political authority, interaction and culture.

8. What is STS? The study of how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these in turn affect society, politics, and culture.

9. Scientific Revolution period of enlightenment emergence or birth of modern science started in the early 16th up to 18th century in Europe

10. Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas Nicolaus Copernicus A mathematician and astronomer “Thought Experiment” De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies) in 1543, cited as the start of scientific revolution

11. Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas Nicolaus Copernicus “the sun is the center of the universe” Model of the Solar system regarded by the catholic church as heretic

12. Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution The Origin of Species (1589) and The Descent of Man Evolutionary Biology and Philosophy of Science A science marked by observation and experiment

13. Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas Sigmund Freud Psychologist Develops psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness – focuses on human sexuality and the evil nature of man

14. Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas Francis Bacon Developed scientific method using induction of data from experiments

15. Development of Science in Asia – India, China, and Middle East India Iron (iron steel) & metallurgical works Medicine ( Ayurveda ) Astronomy – configuration of the universe, spherical self-supporting earth, a year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each Mathematics – accurate measurement/standardized measurement of length

16. Development of Science in Asia – India, China, and Middle East India Trigonometric functions, tables and techniques as well as algorithms of algebra Gravity as a force of attraction Zero as both a placeholder and decimal digit Hindu-Arabic numeral system Mathematical analysis

17. Development of Science in Asia – India, China, and Middle East China Traditional medicines Practice of acupuncture Invented various tools Invented different models of bridges Astronomy – significant records of supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, comets Used lunar calendar

18. Development of Science in Asia – India, China, and Middle East Middle East Countries Place greater value on science experiments Ibn al-Haytham – Father of Optics Arabic numeral system - decimal point notation Jãbir ibn Hayyãn - Father of chemistry Experimental medicine and conduct of clinical trials Discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases

19. Development of Science in Africa Egypt Geometry Pyramids and dams Alchemy Human anatomy, pharmacology, applied components such as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of disease

20. Development of Science in Africa Egypt Astronomy – uses 3 types of calendar (lunar, solar and stellar, and a combination of the three) Metallurgy – invented metal tools used in homes, agriculture and architecture Lebombo Bone (the oldest known mathematical artifact dated 35,000 BCE)

21. LESSON 1.2 Science, Technology, and Nation-building

22. LESSON OBJECTIVES Discuss the role of science and technology in Philippine nation-building; Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of their contributions to nation-building; and Identify actual science and technology policies of the government and appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino nation.

23. INTRODUCTION This lesson will discuss the influence of science and technology in the development of Philippine society. It identifies government programs, projects, and policies geared toward boosting the science and technological capacity of the country. This lesson will also include discussions on Philippine indigenous science and technology.

24. BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

25. Pre-Spanish Philippines started before Philippines gained independence from American colonizers own culture and traditions own belief system and indigenous knowledge system

26. Pre-Spanish Philippines Science embedded in way of life of people -plant crops -animal-caring -food production -interpret movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climate and organize days into months and years -preparing soil for agriculture -discovered medicinal use of plants

27. Pre-Spanish Philippines Technology was used in: - building houses -irrigations -developing tools for everyday life: (planting, hunting, cooking, fishing, fighting enemies during war or tribal conflicts, transportation (land and waterways), musical instruments)

28. Spanish Era schools—introduced concept of subjects and disciplines beginning of formal S&T in the country learning science in school technology focused on using and developing house tools

29. Spanish Era life slowly modernized, adapting Western technology and culture replicate Spanish technologies using indigenous materials medicine and advanced science introduced in formal colleges and universities Filipino students who studied in Europe—contributed to advancement at various fields

30. Spanish Era one of the centers of global trade in Southeast Asia and developed places in the region Growth of science was halted due to: superstitious beliefs of the people; and Catholic doctrines and practices

31. American Period had more influence on S&T development established public education system improved engineering works improved health conditions of people established modern research university (UP)

32. American Period transportation and communication systems improved reorganized learning of science and introduced in public and private schools researches done to control malaria, cholera, TB, and other tropical disease

33. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

34. Goals: Prepare country and people meet technologically-driven world demands Capacitate people to live in a world driven by science

35. DOST sought expertise of National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP)— in response to ASEAN 2015 Agenda

36. Some projects supported by govt. through DOST -funds for basic research and patents related to S&T—funding from ODA -scholarships for undergrad and grad studies in S&T field -Establishing more Philippine Science High School system -Developing S&T parks in academic campuses to encourage academe and industry partnership - Balik Scientist Program

37. Identified Capacity-building Programs by Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering (PAASE, 2008) i . special science classes and special science schools ii. improved science and mathematics in basic education iii. STEM tracks in K to 12 education program iv. CHED launched Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PICARI) Project

38. Some areas and fields that country is looking forward to embark research and projects Use of alternative and safe energy Harnessing mineral resources Finding cure for various diseases and illness Climate change and global warming Increasing food production Preservation of natural resources Coping with natural disasters and calamities Infrastructure development

39. Development of Science and Technology Policies in the Philippines

40. Lesson 1.3: Indigenous Science and Technology in the Philippines

41. Objectives At the end of this lesson, you will be able to 1. Discuss the concept of indigenous science  2. Discuss the contributions of indigenous science and technology in the Philippines

42. Introduction This lesson focuses on indigenous science and technology in the Philippines. Filipinos, especially during early times, tried to invent tools that will help them in everyday life. They also developed alternative ideas in various phenomena and in explaining the world around them. This system of knowledge is called indigenous knowledge, which is the foundation of indigenous science.

43. Indigenous Knowledge System Embedded in daily life experiences of young children as they grow Parents and older folks served as first teachers Lessons comprised of good values and life stories

44. Some Indigenous knowledge that are Taught and Practiced Predicting weather conditions and seasons using animal behaviors and celestial bodies Using herbal medicines Building local irrigation systems Classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural properties Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits Keeping custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard

45. Indigenous Science Part of indigenous knowledge system practiced by different groups of people and early civilizations Includes complex arrays of: ✓Knowledge ✓Expertise ✓Practices ✓Representations

46. Ogawa (1995) -collectively lived in and experienced by people of a given culture Iaccarino , 2003 -Science is part of culture, and how science is done largely depends on the cultural practices of the people Indigenous Science

47. Indigenous beliefs also develops desirable values that are relevant or consistent to scientific attitudes as identified by Johnston (2000), namely: Motivating attitudes; Cooperating attitudes; Practical attitudes; and Reflective attitudes Indigenous Science

48. Pawilen (2005) developed diverse structures and contents through the interplay between society and environment Sibisi (2004) - provides the basics of astronomy, pharmacology, food technology, or metallurgy, derived from traditional knowledge and practices Indigenous Science

49. Pawilen (2006) developed a simple framework for understanding indigenous science

50. Indigenous Science Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, problem solving etc. Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values. UNESCO’s Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge (1999) recognized indigenous science as a historical and valuable contribution to science and technology.