SEAWALL STRUCTURE by ENGR KEN JAMES F FD

SEAWALL STRUCTURE

2. SEAW LL
STRUCTURES
BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY - GRADUATE SCHOOL
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (MSCE)
MAJOR IN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
CE 626 ADVANCED TOPICS IN CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
ENGR. KEN JAMES F. FADRIQUELA

3. •INTRODUCTION
SEAW LL
STRUCTURES
•SEAWALL AND TYPES OF SEAWALL
•FACTORS AFFECTING FAILURE IN SEAWALLS
•STABILITY OF SEAWALLS
•POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SEAWALLS ON COASTS
•NEW TECHNOLOGY
•CASE STUDY
•CONCLUSIONS
•REFERENCES

4. •INTRODUCTION
By potential risks from storms and other environmental
disasters, coastlines have gradually transformed, materials
eroding and moving from certain areas to others (Luo, 2014).
The storms are; hurricanes, tropical storms, typhoons,
tornadoes, winter storms, and cyclones, resulting in casualties,
their investment loss, and coastal environment hazards. The
lower sedimentary shores have lesser flooding resistance (Liu
et al., 2019).

5. •INTRODUCTION
A structural treatment such as groins, seawalls, embankments,
jetties, and levees has been a conventional coastal disaster
prevention mechanism, especially preferred in the expansion
of urban concentration near seas, between much different
sustainable developments, widely considered (Davlasheridze
& Fan, 2019).

6. •INTRODUCTION
Seawalls include self-supporting structures relating to the
prevention of flooding or coastline retreats and constructed
mostly on coasts parallel to the coastline and usually prepared
of reinforced concrete to overcome sliding or moments by
overturning. The necessary design part is the elevation of the
crest, becoming over-topping of waves and run-up of the
waves.

7. •SEAWALL AND TYPES OF SEAWALL
Seawalls are usually coastal structures, which are adjacent to
the seashores. The fundamental roles of these structures are to
hinder marine areas erosion from flooding and prevention of
the constructed building structures near the shore.

8. •SEAWALL AND TYPES OF SEAWALL
To create seawall structures, different materials are used,
including concrete, gabion, cribs filled with stone, casting
concrete in the site, precast blocks, and prefabricated
segments. The seawall types can be constructed in the
vertical, curved,rubble-mound, or stepped surface. In certain
situations, large structures by suitable foundations and
practical toe support are needed to overcome and control the
damage of significant wave effects (Sadeghi & Al-Othman,
2019).

9. VERTICAL FACED AND STEPPED
SURFACE SEAWALL STRUCTURE
KEN JAMES F. FADRIQUELA
RUBBLE-MOUND
SEAWALL STRUCTURE
MARK LEVI C. ESPINO
CURVED SEAWALL
STRUCTURE
ANGELICA B. CARREON

10. VERTICAL SEAWALL
STRUCTURE

11. VERTICAL SEAWALL
STRUCTURE
These walls stick straight up into the air like a fence made of steel or concrete.
These seawalls are easy to design, and easy to construct. They are a tried-and-
true method to block any high-powered wave.
However, these seawalls take the full impact of a wave. Since they are
perpendicular to the water, a wave has no chance to slow down before hitting
the wall. Because of this, these walls wear down quickly. Furthermore, they can
be undercut as water finds its way under the wall.

12. A concrete wa ll with a tria ng ula r sha pe
Description a utoma tica lly g enera ted with medium confidence
Ominous Views of Japan's New
Concrete Seawalls
Can these 41-foot-high walls protect the
country from another tsunami?
Following the 2011 tsunami the Japanese
government began building seawalls like this
one in Ofunato Bay, Iwate prefecture.
VERTICAL SEAWALL STRUCTURE
Vertical-faced Seawalls generally
consists of materials like blocks
of stone, mass concrete, and
Reinforced Concrete, and it can
be constructed as interlocking
walls by using concrete, wood
piling, and steel. Another form of
the vertical wall can be installed
using rock-fill as a sizeable
concrete wall that behaves like
retaining walls against materials
behind them (Balaji et al., 2017).
CONCRETE BLOCK

13. CONCRETE BLOCK
Concrete blocks are type of building material
that is made from a mixture of cement, sand,
and gravel. A concrete block is typically used in
construction to form walls, floors, and
foundations. It can also be used as a foundation
for other structures like houses or commercial
buildings.

14. CONCRETE BLOCK by Interbloc
Central to the Interbloc
system is an innovative
concrete block. Astandard
Interblocmeasures 1200 x
600 x 600mm and weighs 1
tonne.

15. CONCRETE BLOCK by Interbloc
SHEAR KEY
Each block incorporates a unique
interlocking design which
provides a shear key in both
horizontal directions. The key
also facilitates faster installation,
as the blocks are positively
located during placement.
Combined, this helps you build
faster, stronger, safer.

16. CONCRETE BLOCK by Interbloc
REINFORCING DUCTS
Each block has 60mm reinforcing
ducts cast into the blocks. These
ducts allow steel reinforcing rods
(we call them fixing kits) to be
inserted through the blocks after
installation to increase the
capacity of the wall. Walls can
be either tied together, or tied
into the underlying concrete
foundation.

17. CONCRETE BLOCK by Interbloc
CERTIFIED LIFTING
Each block incorporates at least
one certified lifting anchor
delivering a factor of safety
greater than five, ensuring
compliance with safety
regulations for multiple lifting.
This quick lift system utilises a
small lifting ‘klaw’ which
attaches via a chain to most
common lifting equipment.
PRECAST CONCRETE

18. PRECAST CONCRETE
PRECAST CONCRETE SEAWALL
PROTECTS SOUTH AFRICAN
COASTAL TOWN
Over the past 10 years, high seas and
wave action in False Bay have
impacted on beach structures located
between Gordon’s Bay and the mouth
of the Eerste River. A two-year research
programme led to a decision to replace
the existing Strand seawall with a 3 km
precast concrete seawall in a triple-
phased construction programme.
L-shaped units are lowered onto the mass
foundation

19. PRECAST CONCRETE
Precast concrete is made by pouring
concrete into a mould in a factory or
plant, instead of directly pouring it at
the construction site. The cured
concrete product is then transported to
the construction site and installed as a
finished material.
A Reno Mattress is a gabion mattress for structural
support and erosion protection. It consists of wire
mesh encased in galvanized steel or PVC filled with soil
and other materials. The mattress is rectangular for an
even weight distribution for enhanced structural
integrity.
A section of the Phase 1 seawall and the Reno
Mattress
SHEET PILE

20. SHEET PILE
Sheet piling are made in several
materials. The material chosen
depends upon several factors
including both strength and
environmental requirements. The
designer must consider the
possibility of material deterioration
and its effect on the structural
integrity of the system.

21. SHEET PILE
Steel
Steel sheet piles are long structural
sections with a vertical interlocking
system that creates a continuous
wall. The walls are most often used
to retain either soil or water.

22. SHEET PILE
Vinyl
Vinyl sheet pile has provided a cost-
effective and sustainable building
material for seawalls and other sheet
piling structures that can be installed
easier and provide a long service-life
without toxic coatings or
preservatives. Vinyl sheet piling is
corrosion resistant, UV resistant and
impervious to marine worm activity
which has made it the top choice for
engineers and contractors worldwide.

23. SHEET PILE
Composite
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
sheets are manufactured using the
latest pultrusion technologies,
allowing manufacturers to incorporate
more high-strength glass fibers than
other technologies. They also produce
a more consistent shape, thickness,
and dimensional tolerances.

24. VERTICAL SEAWALL STRUCTURE
Vertical faced sea walls are often
constructed in situations that are
subjected to such wave power.
Non-breaking static waves arise
during flood effects where it rolls
upward and downward, not
horizontally. This wave stimulating
can cause serious risk to the
seawall in the wall toe. Fig.1
shows the detail of vertical face
seawall (Williams et al., 2016).
Figure 1. Vertical Front Sea Wall
STEPPED SURFACE

25. STEPPED SURFACE
SEAWALL STRUCTURE

26. STEPPED SURFACE
SEAWALL STRUCTURE
Stepped types of the seawall are designed to resist
and reject moderate action of waves. Reinforcing
concrete sheet pile used in the construction of these
kinds of seawalls (see Fig. 2).
The areas that built between sheet piles are mostly
filled by grouts to maintain sand cut off or installation
of geotextile fibers at the sheet piles' back, to
generate a sand-tightened barrier. Installing geotextile
is helpful since it facilitates water flowing through and
thus prevents the development of hydrostatic
pressures (Sadeghi et al., 2018).
Figure 2. Stepped Surface Sea Wall

27. STEPPED SURFACE
SEAWALL STRUCTURE
Margate Coastal Scheme (2011 to 2012)
Pre-cast concrete stepped revetment
A major part of the new scheme is the new 220m long stepped revetment centred in the area of the King’s
Steps on Marine Drive. The stepped revetment structure has over 400 precast blocks that were
manufactured by Cornish Concrete Products Ltd.

28. •FACTORS AFFECTING FAILURE IN
SEAWALLS
•Hydraulic uncertainty (primary armour depletion),
•Overtopping leads to scouring of seawalls' crest,
•Scour or erosion at the toe,
•Liquefaction (action of waves decreases sand bearing
capacity, allowing the armour to submerge),
•Inside erosion (material losses of inside the wall),
•Central instability, it is unusual for rock wall builds.

29. •FACTORS AFFECTING FAILURE IN
SEAWALLS
Different kinds of Seawall damages No. of occurrences
Collapse 16
Disintegration of concrete 9
Armouring uplift 3
Armour removal in revetments 19
Erosion in toe 63
Abrasion 16
Wash-out filled materials behind seawalls 10
Cracking in concrete 2
Settlement 2
Promenades damage 4
Corrosion 3
Partial failure in crest 26
Outflanking 3
Concrete spalling 2
Failure in structural members 5
Landslip 5
Total 188
Increasing seawalls exposure with a
rising water level during time is going to
affect the overtopping, hydraulic
stabilization, and toe scouring as the
sea wall experienced. In the study by
Mulcahy et al. (2017), it explained that
changing climate could also directly
impact the vulnerability of seawalls by:
•Rising seas' level,
•Increasing storms surge,
•Increase in the height of waves,
•Unpredictable geo-morphological
impacts due to climate change.

30. •STABILITY OF SEAWALLS
There are a lot of strategies that could be placed in a way to enhance seawall’s
stability. Some alternatives outlined by the "climate change adaptation
guidelines in coastal management and planning" (Engineers Australia, 2012).
That including (but does not restrict to):
•Retreat or permit occurrence of erosion,
•Exposure reduction by raising the volume of the upper shore,
•Develop further layer of bigger armour unit in front of seawalls, to enhance
the armour unit stability,
•Placement of further stones on the crest, expanding the width, and raising the
height of the crest leads to minimizing the damage of overtopping,
•Use the best practical design and integrate elements that will enable to
maintenance in the future (Tomlinson et al., 2016).

31. •POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS
OF SEAWALLS ON COASTS
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Inhibit marine areas erosion from
flooding
Seawalls restrict access to seawater
Prevent losses of the beaches Seawalls become unattractive
Seawalls protect sand interchange
between the coast and dune, which
attempts to disperse the energy of
waves by storms
Seawalls generate a false security sense
in unsafe areas and increase high-
density construction development
Prevention of the constructed
structures near the shore
Seawalls cause amusement beaches
degradation
As also resist flooding damage on low
lying areas
Seawalls almost always cause rubble
and make swimming risky
Seawalls behaves like re-taining walls
against materials behind them
Seawalls mainly benefit landowners
only

32. •NEW TECHNOLOGY
COAST ARMOR
LIVING SEA WALL

33. A person in a helmet holding a pa int object
Description a utoma tica lly g enera ted
COAST ARMOR
Coast Armor (patent pending) is a sea wall
system manufactured in Florida. This precast
concrete, interlocking armor wall uses non-
corrosive GFRP rebar reinforcement.
GFRP - Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer

34. A hexa g on sha ped stone block s
Description a utoma tica lly g enera ted
LIVING SEA WALL
The Living Seawall was unveiled by Volvo at a
beach clean event in Rose Bay on World
Environment Day. The complete Living
Seawall, featuring 50 tiles measuring 50cm x
50cm, will be built over the next few months
and installed at a location in Sydney Harbour
creating one of the world’s largest living
seawalls.

35. •CASE STUDY
Evaluation of the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Hot Rolled Sheet
Piles on the Seawalls of Aurora Province, Philippines: A DPWH
Aurora District Engineering Office Study
Abstract: This study aimed to determine the Evaluation of the Efficiency and
Effectiveness of Hot Rolled Sheet Piles on the Seawalls of Aurora Province,
Philippines: A DPWH Aurora District Engineering Office Study. This study used the
descriptive-analytical survey in which the current projects of the DPWH-Aurora
pertained to the seawall throughout the province were assessed quantitatively
based on the grounds of the Hot Rolled Sheet Piles being used in these projects.
The findings revealed that hot-rolled sheet piles used in the seawall projects were
moderately efficient and adequately effective. Among the three, hot-rolled and
vinyl seemed very beneficial, but it was still the hot-rolled sheet piles
recommended for use in seawall infrastructure projects.

36. •CONCLUSION
By inducing changes in natural weathering, expected to increase the
disaster's repetition and potentially cause enormous human and
financial losses. Almost all investigators and decision-makers are
incredibly interested in developments related to different alternatives
for coastal modification, such as the development of protection
structures. This alternative was a conventional method of adapting to
locations in which precious resources will be in damage. Besides
that, no empirical study about how the public perceives these
protection structures.

37. •CONCLUSION
Seawalls are the most common marine structures, and their
construction depends on the sea's natural conditions more than
shore effects. Working on the construction of seawalls during
extreme sea conditions will result in a reduction in work performance,
construction quality, and safety of workers and construction
equipment. The seawall's fundamental role is to act as a kind of
protection structure to prohibit the erosion of the coasts. Based on
the conditions of the site, various seawall types can be constructed to
attain this objective. Due to the diverse relationships between natural
erosion and coastline nutrition, it may receive incorrect data in
measuring erosion in the coastal area.
incredibly interested in developments related to different alternatives
structures. This alternative was a conventional method of adapting to

38. •CONCLUSION
Sea walls help to improve the infrastructure of the community's
safety against extreme erosion by storms.
It is recommended to coastal structure designer and engineers that
during the pre-construction stage, there should be precise study on
the coast situation and weathering conditions in the area, that is
essential to make sustainable decisions and designs for construction
of these structures.

39. •REFERENCES
BFT International. (2021). Retrieved from Precast Concrete Seawall Protects South African Coastal Town: https://www.bft-
international.com/en/artikel/bft_Precast_concrete_seawall_protects_South_African_coastal_town-3177648.html
Edgewater Marine Construction Inc. (2020). Retrieved from A Quick Guide to the 3 Types of Seawalls:
https://www.edgewatermarineinc.com/a-quick-guide-to-the-3-types-of-seawalls
ENVIROCON Capturing Concrete Excess. (2022). Retrieved from Seawalls: https://www.envirocon.co.nz/pages/seawalls
Hardy, M. (2018). Ominous Views of Japan's New Concrete Seawalls. Retrieved from WIRED:
https://www.wired.com/story/photo-gallery-japan-seawalls/
Margate coastal scheme (2011 to 2012). (2019). Retrieved from Southeast Coastal Group: Managing the Shoreline:
https://se-coastalgroup.org.uk/coastal-defence-works/margate-coastal-scheme-2011-to-2012/
Marine Construction Supply. (2022). Retrieved from Sheet Piling: https://www.marineconstructionsupply.com/sheet-piling
Suril, M. E., Suril, R. C., Cruz, N. B., Bernardo, E. L., & Manzon, R. S. (2022). Evaluation of the Efficiency and Effectiveness of
Hot Rolled Sheet Piles on the Seawalls of Aurora Province, Philippines: A DPWH Aurora District Engineering Office Study.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROGRESSIVE RESEARCH IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, VOL.3, NO.06, JUNE 2022.
Truemont Materials. (2023). New Sea Wall / Bulkhead Product in Florida (Coast Armor). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPPZam8f4oE
Volvo Cars Australia. (2024). WhiteGREY: Volvo’s Living Seawall. Retrieved from
https://www.wpp.com/en/featured/work/2019/06/grey---volvo-living-seawall
Zehro, K. (2020). Specifications and types of seawall structures needed to protect beaches from sand erosion and storm
disasters. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Sciences and Applications (IJAESA).
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40. TH NK
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