Secondary metabolite

It is detailed about of all secondary metabolites in pharmacognosy

1. INTRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITE
SECONDARY
METABOLITE
PROPERTIES DEFINATION /
CLASSIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION TEST OF SECONDARY METABOLITE EXAMPLE
REAGENT OBSERVATION PROCEDURE





ALKALOIDS
1]They are
occurring from
plant source.
2] They are basic
in nature.
3]They are well
defined
crystalline
substance

It define as it organic
nitrogenous substance,
usually found in plants or
are more or less alkaline in
reaction.
Term alkaloid was coined by
Meissner, a German
pharmacist (1819)
Classification:-
1. morphological
2. Chemical
3. Pharmacological
1.Mayer’s or Valser’s
reagent (Potassium
mercuric iodide)
Creamy ppt Mercuric chloride –1.36
Potassium Iodide –5.00g
Water to make –100 ml
Ephedra
Aconite
Colchiam
Opium
Pilocorpus
2.Wagner’s reagent
(Iodine-potassium iodide)
Reddish—brown ppt Iodine –1.3 g
Potassium iodide –2.0 g
Water to make –100 ml
3. Dragendorff’s or Krauts
reagent (Potassium iodide
+ Bithmus nitrate)
Orange –red ppt Bismuth nitrate –8.0 g
Nitric acid –20.5 g
Potassium iodide –27.2g
Water to make –100 ml
4. Hager’s reagent (Picric
aid)
Yellow ppt
5.tannic acid test Buff colored ppt,
which is soluble in
dil.acid or ammonia.
Tannic acid solution –5%
(w/v)
Water to make –100 ml


GLYCOSIDE





1]Colorless, solid,
amorphous,
nonvolatile.
2]Odorless
except saponin.
3]Some glycoside
soluble in alcohol
Organic compound from
plant and animal sources,
which on enzymatic or acid
hydrolysis, give one or more
sugar moieties. (glycone)
with non-sugar moieties
(aglycone—genin )
1.Keller-Kiliani’s Test
(cardiac glycoside)
Reddish—brown
colour appear at
junction of two
liquid layer & upper
layer appear bluish
green persistant
foam was obtained.
Seenna
Aloe
Cascara
Rhuhard
Digitalis

2. INTRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITE









GLYCOSIDE
Classification:-
1. Chemical nature of
aglycone part.
2. Therpeutic activity
3. Chemical nature of
glycone part
4. Linkage between
glycone and
aglycone
2.Legal’s Test Deep pink to red
colour Colour
Drug boil with Little
pyridine +
Few drop of Na
nitroprusside +
Alkaline NaOH

3.Baljet Test Yellow orange Colour Substance +
Sod. Picrate +
Alkaline
4.Kedde’s Test Violet(purple) Colour Drug
1 drop alcohol
2drop of dinitrobenzoic
acid & NaOH
5.Raymond Test Violet change in Blue
Colour
Substances
0.1 ml 1% sol.
Dinitrobenezene in
methanol
2-3 drop of NaOH
6.Xanthydrol Test Red Colour Substance
Xanthydrol reagent in
acetic acid
1% Hcl

7.Salkowaski Test Red Colour

Drug chloroform sol.
Conc. H2SO4
8.Tollen’s Test Silver mirror on wall Extract

3. INTRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITE
Mixture of pyridine &
ammonial silver nitrate
9. Antimony trichloride
test
Blue or violet colour

Drug sol.
Antimony trichloride and
trichloroacetic acid
10.Foam Test (saponin) Persistant foam Sol. of drug
Water
11.Brontage’s Test
(Anthraquinones)
Ammonial layer turn
pink or red colour

3ml extract.
Dil. H2SO4. (boil & filtre)
Equal volume of
benzene or chloroform.
ammonia
TANNINS 1]non-crystalline
substance.
2]Astringent
taste
3] Dark brown or
reddish brown
It is define as complex
substance that usually occur
as a mixture of polyphenol
that are very difficult to
separate. Since they do not
crystalline
Classification:-
1. True Tannins
2. Pseudo Tannins
1. Gelatin Test Formation of
Precipitate
Test solution
1% gelatin solution
containing 10% Nacl
Cathechu
Petrocarpus
Kattha
cutch 2. Goldbeater’s Skin Test A Brown or Black
color on the skin.
Hydrolysable and
condensed tannins
both give the
positive goldheater's
test. whereas
pseudotannins show
very little colour or
negative test.

A small piece of
goldbeater skin soaked in
20% hydrochloric acid,
rinsed with distilled water
and placed in a solution of
tannin for 5 minutes. The
skin piece is washed with
distilled water and kept in
a solution of ferrous
sulphate.
3. Phenazone Test Bulky colored
Precipitate
Aqueous extract
Sodium acid phosphate
Phenazone solution (2%)

4. INTRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITE
4. Match Stick Test Color of the wood
changes to Pink to
Red (Phloroglucinal)
Aqueous extract
Dip in match stick
Moister with conc. Hcl
5. Chlorogenic Acid Test Green Colour Test solution (cholinergic
acid containing extract).
Aqueous Ammonia
Exposure to air
6. Ferric Chloride Test Blue colour
(Hydrolysable
tannins) Green
colour (Condensed
tannins)
Extract
Ferric chloride
solution(5%)
FLAVINOIDS 1]Crystalline
substance
2]Optically active
3] Unstable
compound
A large group of biologically
active water-soluble plant
compounds that include
pigments ranging in colour
from yellow to red to blue
Occuring especially in fruits,
vegetables and herbs.
Classification:-
1. Based on group
2. Based on place of B-
ring location
1. Shinoda Test It produce pink
colour
Drug –5 ml
Ethanol –95%
Few drop of conc. Hcl
0.5 gm of magnesium
turnings

2. lead Subacetate Test Yellow ppt Test solution
Lead acetate solution
3. Alkaline reagent test Yellow colour Test solution
Few drop of NaOH sol.
4. Zinc hydrochloric Test Pink to red colour
(few min.)
Deep red to magenta
colour (Flavanols)
Test solution
mix. of zinc dust
Conc.Hcl
VOLATILE OIL 1]Lighter than
water
2]Optically active
Volatile oils are products
which are generally complex
in composition, consisting
1. Sudan Red III Test Red colour obtained
by globules

Thin section of drug
Sudan III solution
1] Hydrocarbon
vol. oils :cubeb,
terpentine oil

5. INTRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITE
3]High refractive
index, Specific
rotation, Possess
distinct odours

of the volatile principles
contained in plants, and are
more or less modified
during the preparation
process.
The odorous, volatile
principle of plant and
animal source are known as
volatile oil.
Classification:-
1. Hydrocarbon vol.
oils
2. Aldehyde vol. oils
3. Aldehyde vol. oils
4. Phenolic vol. oils
5. Ketonic vol. oils
6. Phenolic ether vol.
oils
7. Oxidized vol. oils
8. Ester vol. oils
9. Miscellaneous vol.
oil
2. Tincture Alkana Red colour is
obtained
Thin section of the drug
tincture alkane (few drops)
2] Aldehyde vol.
oils: peppermint,
cardamom,
coriander
3] Aldehyde vol.
oils: cinnamon
bitter orange peel,
sweet orange peel,
lemon peel
4]Phenolic vol. oils:
clove, thyme
5] Ketonic vol. oils:
camphor,
spearmint,
caraway, buchu
leaves
6] Phenolic ether
vol. oils: fennel
,anise ,myristica
7] Oxidized vol.
oils:- euclyptus
,chenopodium
8] Ester vol. oils:-
rosemary
9] Miscellaneous
vol. oil:- anethum
allium

6. INTRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITE
RESIN 1]Brittle solid in
nature
2]Transparent,
semisolids or
liquids
substances.
3]generally
produce by
woody plants
The term 'resin' is
amorphous, transparent or
translucent solid, semisolid
or liquid products of
complex chemical nature
Classification:-
1. Taxonomical
2. Predominating
chemical
constituents
3. Portion of the main
constituents
1. Turbidity is formed To extract add 5ml of
distilled water
1] Taxonomical:-
Berberidaceae
resin
2] Predominating
chemical
constituents:- Acid,
Ester, Alcohols,
Glycosides,
Resenes resins
3] Portion of the
main constituents:-
Oleoresins, Resin,
Oleo gum resins,
Balsams

2. Colopheny It turns blue litmus
to red
Alcoholic solution of
colophony
3. Tolu Balsam Gives green colour
with FeCl3
Alcoholic solution of
balsam of tolu
4. Benzoin Sumatra benzoin:
reddish brown
colour siam benzoin:
Purple to violet
To a petroleum ether
solution of benzene, add
2-3 drops of H2SO4 in a
china dish
5. cinammic acid A light purplish red
colour to violet
0.1g in 10 ml (CH3CO)2O
with aid of gentle heat,
cool and add 0.05 ml of
H2SO4
6. Benzoate tannin Purple colour 0.1g powder in 10ml of
(CH3CO)2O in test tube and
add a drop of conc. H2SO4


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