Seed prod cole crops

Seed production technology in cole crops

1. SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF COLE CROPS TEJU C M VEGETABLE SCIENCE CHF PASIGHAT,.

2. INTRODUCTON

3. IMPORTANT COLE CROPS

4. BRASSICA U TRIANGLE by NAGAHARU

5. IMPORTANCE OF COLE CROPS Low in carbohydrates, fats, calories. Good source of protein (balanced), minerals, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin D. Known for anticancer properties (-indole -3-carbinol). • Cabbage juice: against poisonous mushroom. Flavor compound : sinigrin Includes antioxidants – ascorbic acid, tocopherols, carotenoids, isothiocyanates, indoles, flavanoids .

6. INFLOROSCENCE and FLORAL BIOLOGY Inflorescence of crucifer is Raceme ( broccoli is Cymose). Numerous small yellow/white flowers with ; 4 petals, 6 stamens, of which 2 are short and other 4 stamens( i.e Tetradynamous androecium) are longer than the style and Single superior ovary. The stigma receptive even 5 days before and 4 days after anthesis. Flowers are protogynous in nature. Major pollinators are honey bees and flies . The time taken from pollination to fertilization is 24-48 hours depending upon the temperature. The optimum temperature for fertilization and seed development is 12° C 18° C.

7. Production Technology Season Early varieties (Golden acre) second fortnight of July 10th, 25th July Medium varieties second fortnight of June – 1st – 15th June Late varieties first fortnight of June 15th – 30th June Land requirement In the hills, select field on which the same kind of crop or any other cole crop was not grown in the pervious two years, unless the crop within the previous two years was found not to contain seed born diseases infection beyond the maximum permissible limit. Isolation requirement The seed field must be separated from fields of other varieties at least" by 1600m for foundation class and 1000 m for certified class seed production.

8. Seed rate Early varieties 600 g/ha Late varieties 400 g/ha for cabbage 375 to 400 g /ha. – for cauliflower. 500g/ha- Brussel sprouts,broccoli, 1 -1.5kg/ha - Knol khol Seed treatment Some seed borne pathogens such as black rot, black leg and alternaria leaf spot start invading the seedlings blight from germination of seed. Pre-drying of seeds at 40 *C for 24 hr followed by an air treatment at 75 *C for 5-7 days is an effective method to disinfect cabbage seeds infected by black rot without any seed damage. Hot water treatment to seeds at 50*c for 30 minutes is done to prevent seed-borne pathogens. Immediately after the treatment, the seeds should be used for sowing within 24 hr. After hot water treatment seed can be treated with a fungicide like Captan before sowing to protect the seedlings from damping – off and downy mildew respectively.

9. Nursery Seeds may be sown on raised nursery beds 15 - 20 cm height in rows with 10 cm spacing. 25 nursery beds of 2m x 1m size are enough for one hectare. Transplanting 3-4 weeks old seedling are transplanted, preferably in the evening with a spacing of 60 x 60 cm for late varieties, 60 x 40 cm for medium varieties and 45 x 45 cm for early varieties . Transplanting at 2nd fortnight of August (15 th onwards) for early varieties and 1st week of August for both medium and late varieties are advisable.

10. Main field manuring The field should be prepared to fine tilth by deep ploughing, 3-4 times harrowing and levelling. Cole crop requires heavy manuring. At the time of land preparation, 50-60 t of FYM/ha should be applied. 200-300kg Super phosphate and 90 kg of potash should be applied before transplanting of seedlings. Two doses of 75-100 kg Ammonium sulphate at intervals of 2-3 weeks after transplanting should be applied. Another dose of 200-250 kg Ammonium sulphate as surface application at the time of seed stalk emergence.

11. ROUGING The first rouging is done at the time of the mature heads and compact curds. All off type plants, diseased or undesirable types are removed at this stage. Second roguing is done before the heads start bursting(cabbage),during bolting but before flowering (cauliflower) Loose , blind ,deformed ,diseased, infested, small, curds and heads are roughed out. Plants with uniform heads and curds with good bolting are kept as such. Subsequent roguing for off types (preferably 4-5 times rouging), diseased plants affected by phyllody, black leg, black rot, soft rot or leaf spot should be done from time to time as required.

12. Staking After the flower stalks are sufficiently developed, staking is necessary to keep the plants in an upright position. Foliar spray 50 ppm NAA sprayed twice after two and four weeks of transplanting the cabbage seedlings in the field has beneficial effect on better growth and yield of cabbage varieties. The favourable temperature range for  flowering  and seed setting is 12.5 – 18.50c.

13. Plant protection of cole crops DISEASES REMIDY CROPS WHICH IT MAINLY AFFECTS CLUB ROOT Pseudomonas fluorescens SEED TREATMENT (10g/kg) All Cole crops DOWNEY MILDEW Metalaxyl + Mancozeb 2 g/lit 3 sprays at 10 days interval. All cole crops BLACK ROT Dipping the seeds in 100 ppm Streptocycline for 30 minutes All cole crops LEAF SPOT Mancozeb at 2 g/L ---- LEAF BLIGHT Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/L ---- RING SPOT  Copper oxychloride 2.5g/L ----

14. PESTS PEST CONTROL Cut worms chlorpyriphos 2 ml/lit in the collar region Aphids dimethoate 2 ml/lit Diamond backmoth Bt @2g/L, IPM

15. Harvesting  and processing Generally the harvesting is done when the pods turn into brown colour . After  harvesting  it is piled up for curing . After 4 to 5 days it is turned up side down and allowed for further curing for 4 to 5 days. Then the pods are threshed with sticks and then the seeds are dried to 7 % moisture content, cleaned and treated with Bavistin @ 2 g/ Kg of seed. Seed Yield Cauliflower - 300-400 kg/ha Cabbage - 400-500 kg/ha Knol khol - 400 kg/ha.

16. Methods of seed production in cabbage Cabbage requires two seasons to produce seeds. In the first season the heads are produced and in the following season seed production follows. Two methods are followed 1. In situ method - for certified seed production ( Seed to seed method ) 2. Transplanting method for nucleus seed production ( Head to seed method)

17. In-situ method In this method, the crop is allowed to over winter and produce seeds in their original position, where they are first planted. It is commonly used for foundation and certified seed production. In this method the matured plants are uprooted and the outer whorls removed. Then the plants are replanted in a well prepared new field. In cabbage, during seed production, three methods have been followed to facilitate flowering and seed production. Transplanting method

18. METHODS OF SEED PRODUCTION IN CABBAGE

19. HEAD INTACT METHOD In this method, when the crop is fully mature in first season, the heads are examined for true to type. The plants with off type heads are removed from the field and rejected. The head is kept intact and only a cross cut is given to facilitate the emergence of stalk Advantages Saves time and labor. Heavy staking is not required. Disadvantages Seed yield is slightly low as compared to other methods.

20. HEAD INTACT METHOD CUT IS GIVEN ON HEAD

21. STUMP METHOD When the crop in the first season (fully matured), the heads are examined for true to type. The plants with off type heads are removed. Then the heads are cut just below the base by means of a sharp knife, keeping the stem with outer whorl of leaves intact. The beheaded portion of the plant is called 'stump’ The stumps are either left in situ or replanted in the second season. After over wintering (dormancy breaking), the buds sprouts from the axis of all the leaves and leaf scars

22. STUMP METHOD IN CABBAGE Head is cutoff only leaving the stump

23. ADVANTAGES OF STUMP METHOD Gives extra income by way of sale of heads Crop matures 12 to 15 days earlier Seed yield is slightly high.

24. Stump with central core intact method When the crop is fully matured in first season, off type plants are removed and rejected. When the head start bursting after over wintering, two vertical cross cuts are given to the head, taking care that the central growing point is not injured. In the absence of such cuts, the heads burst out irregularly and sometimes the growing tip is broken. Advantages Shoots arising from main stem are not decumbent hence, heavy staking is not required. Seed yield is high .

25. CENTRAL CORE INTACT METHOD

26. VERNALIZATION The induction of flowering by prolonged exposure to low temperatures, as during the winter in a temperate climate. Mature vegetative plants, which are uprooted in autumn (sept. - oct.) from the fields, potted and over wintered in a green house at temperatures between 5-10 °C. Heads are allowed to vernalize for 2 to 3 months at temperatures between 5-10 °C.

27. POLLINATION IN CABBAGE Flowers are slightly protogynous and cabbage is naturally cross-pollinated due to sporophytic self-incompatibility . Pollination is brought about by bees and flies. Bud pollination is effective to achieve selfing . For cross-pollination flower buds expected to open within 1-2 days are emasculated and are pollinated immediately with desired pollen using a brush/flower stamens.

28. Method of seed production in cauliflower Step-1 : Selection of an healthy, true to type curd Step-2 : Sterilization.:- All the apparatus to be used for curd scooping i.e. knife; forceps etc. Step-3 : Selection of curd and removing the central portion of the curd. (scooping / curd pruning /curd cutting) Step-4 : Cleaning. After removing the core portion of the curd the wounds will be cleaned gently • Step-5 : Fungal disinfection using ‘ Indofil ’ or ‘Mancozeb’ Step-6 : Nursing,.

29. Special practices to increase yield. 1. Blanching : • It is done to protect the curd from discoloration caused by the sun. •Leaves are tied over curds with coded strings or rubber bands •Blanching should begin about one week before harvest. •Self-blanching varieties are available, ex: snowball 2. Tying : This is done to keep heads white, leaves are usually gathered around the head at about the time that they are 2 cm in diameter

30. POLLINATION TECHNIQUES IN CAULIFLOWER Selfing The self-compatible varieties of cauliflower can be selfed by simply bagging the flower-stalk. Selfing is also done by caging some plants with flies in cages or by isolation planting of lines having decreased level of self-incompatibility. With self-incompatible plants, bud pollination gives better results . In this system, the pollination is carried out in buds before 2-4 days of opening, with or without emasculation. Crossing The flowers may be emasculated by removing 6 stamens using a pair of forceps. In self-compatible cauliflowers (European types), the stamens are removed before the opening of the buds as the flowers are already fertile in the bud stage, crossing can be done at the same time. In self-incompatible types, emasculation may be omitted. When pollination cages are available, crosses between self-incompatible types can be made by insects such as honey bees, bumble bees and flies.

31. Disbudding & Staking After the production of the desired number of siliqua(fruit is called as siliqua in cole crops) the terminal part of each of the fruit stalks (peduncles) will be snapped to ensure better growth of the fruits and the seeds within it. At this stage staking will be provided to the plants with suitable size sticks.

32. GENETIC MECHANISMS IN HYBRID DEVELOPMENT IN COLE CROPS  Self incompatibility : SI refers to the inability of a plant to set seed upon self pollination despite male and female gamete is viable, there is no seed set in self pollination. In cole crops, the exploitation of heterosis is mainly through the Sporophytic self incompatibility CMS has been bred to  Brassica oleracea  from Brassica nigra  and. This character was bred into broccoli and later into cauliflower by PEARSON. A. Gametophytic self- incompatiblity

33. STEPS IN USE OF SELF-INCOMPATIBLITY IN SEED PRODUCTION OF COLE CROPS Selection of parents development of homozygous self-incompatible lines by inbreeding and their maintenance. Making diallel or top crosses using these incompatible lines Testing of F1 hybrids in replicated trials along with parents and check cultivars Production of F1 hybrid seed of the recommended F1 hybrid using self- incompatible under local conditions.

34. FIELD STANDARDS REQUIRED FOR SEED PRODUCTION OF COLE CROPS ISOLATION DISTANCE ( this is both for different varieties or same varieties with no confirmation of varietal purity) OFFTYPES AND DISEASED PLANTS MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LIMIT CROP FOUNDATION SEEDS CERTIFIED SEEDS All Cole Crops 1600m 1000m FOUNDATION SEEDS CERTIFIED SEEDS OFFTYPES 0.1% 0.2% PLANTS AFFECTED WITH SEED BORNE DISEASE 0.1% 0.5%

35. SEED STANDARDS FACTORS FOUNDATION SEEDS CERTIFIED SEEDS Pure seed (minimum) 98% 98% Inert matter (maximum) 2.0% 2.0% Other crop seeds (maximum) 5/KG 10/KG Weed seeds (maximum) 5/KG 10/KG Germination (minimum) 70% (65% in cauliflower) 70% (65% in cauliflower) Moisture (maximum) 7.0% 7.0% For vapour -proof container 5.0% 5.0%

36. THAT’S IT….