session 3 - Motivational theory.pptLeadership types and Theories.ppt

Leadership types and Theories.ppt

1. MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES

2. MOTIVATION
•Motivation can be defined as the inner
propelling force or impetus prompted by an
inner persuasion, incentive or reason giving
the person the prompting to be energized to
act in a certain way.
•Motivation means, to move, to energise, to
activate.

3. MOTIVATION

4. MOTIVATION
•You have certain needs or wants and this
causes you to do certain things (behavior),
which satisfy those needs (satisfaction), and
this can then change which needs/wants are
primary (either intensifying certain ones, or
allowing you to move on to other ones).
 

5. TYPES OF MOTIVES
•Primary (biological, basic)
•Secondary (social or learned)
•Primary motives: Hunger, Thirst, Respiratory
drive, sleep drive, sex drive, avoidance of pain,
maternal drive.
•Essential for survival.

6. Secondary Motives
•Behavior is activated by social motives :
*Achievement
*Affiliation
*Aggression
*Power
*Curiosity

7. Theories of Motivation
•Many theories posit a hierarchy of needs, in which the needs
at the bottom are the most urgent and need to be satisfied
before attention can be paid to the others.
 
•Maslow's hierarchy of need categories is the most famous
example:
 
self-actualization
Esteem
Belongingness
Safety
physiological

8. Home
•Education, religion, hobbies, personal growth.
(Self- actualization)
•Approval of family, friends, community.
(Esteem needs)
•Family, friends, clubs (Belongingness)
•Freedom from war, poison, violence. (Safety)
•Food, water, sex. (Physiological)

10. JOB
•Training, advancement, growth, creativity. (Self-
actualization)
•Recognition, high status, responsibilities. (Esteem)
•Teams, depts, coworkers, clients, supervisors,
subordinates. (Belongingness)
•Work safety, job security, health insurance. (Safety)
•Heat, air, base salary. (Physiological)

11. Alderfer's ERG theory
•Alderfer classifies needs into three categories,
also ordered hierarchically:
•growth needs (development of competence
and realization of potential)
•relatedness needs (satisfactory relations with
others)
•existence needs (physical well-being)

12. •Alderfer believed that as you start satisfying
higher needs, they become more intense (e.g.,
the power you get the more you want power),
like an addiction.

13. McClelland’s Need for Achievement Theory
Acquired Needs Theory (mcclellan)
•Some needs are acquired as a result of life
experiences
•need for achievement, accomplish something
difficult.
•need for affiliation, form close personal
relationships.
•need for power, control others.

14. Cognitive Evaluation Theory
•This theory suggests that there are actually two motivation
systems: intrinsic and extrinsic that correspond to two kinds
of motivators:
•intrinsic motivators: 
Achievement, responsibility and
competence. motivators that come from the actual
performance of the task or job -- the intrinsic interest of the
work.
•extrinsic:
 
pay, promotion, feedback, working conditions --
things that come from a person's environment, controlled by
others.
•One or the other of these may be a more powerful motivator
for a given individual.

15. HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY
•According to Herzberg, two kinds of factors
affect motivation, and they do it in different
ways:
•Hygiene factors
•Motivators

16. Hygiene Factors.
Examples include decent working conditions,
security, pay, benefits (like health insurance),
company policies, interpersonal relationships.
In general, these are extrinsic items low in the
Maslow/Alderfer hierarchy.

17. Motivators
•Recognition
•Promotion
•Respected and valued
•Autonomy
•So hygiene factors determine dissatisfaction, and
motivators determine satisfaction. The two scales
are independent, and you can be high on both.

18. Reinforcement Theory
Operant Conditioning
•Operant Conditioning is the term used by B.F.
Skinner to describe the effects of the consequences
of a particular behavior on the future occurrence of
that behavior. There are four types of Operant
Conditioning: Positive Reinforcement, Negative
Reinforcement, Punishment, and Extinction. Both
Positive and Negative Reinforcement strengthen
behavior while both Punishment and Extinction
weaken behavior.

19. Operant Conditioning
•Positive reinforcement.
  Strengthening a behavior.
This is the process of getting goodies as a
consequence of a behavior. You make a sale, you get
a commission. You do a good job, you get a bonus &
a promotion.
 
•Negative reinforcement. Strengthening a behavior.
This is the process of having a stressor taken away as
a
  consequence of a behavior. Long-term sanctions
are removed from countries when their human rights
records improve.

20. Operant Conditioning
•Extinction. Weakening a behavior. This is the
process of getting no goodies when do a
behavior. So if person does extra effort, but
gets no thanks for it, they stop doing it.
•Punishment. Weakening a behavior. This is
the process of getting a punishment as a
consequence of a behavior. Example: having
your pay docked for lateness.
 

21. Successful motivation involves:
•Getting people to do
what you want them
to do.
•When you want them
to do it.
•The way you want
them to do it.
•Because they want to
do it.

22. Motivation through clear goal
setting
•Gives
direction and
ability to
measure
achievement.
•Mission and
Vision.

23. I have fought the good fight, I have fought the good fight,
I have finished the race. I have finished the race.
Finally, get the reward.Finally, get the reward.
Desire to be rewarded. Desire to be rewarded.
Commission or incentiveCommission or incentive

24. Desire to be an
achiever.

25. Desire for recognitionDesire for recognition
•When people receive When people receive
recognition or affirmation recognition or affirmation
for their efforts it has a for their efforts it has a
positive motivational effect positive motivational effect
on them. Just a few words on them. Just a few words
of encouragement are worth of encouragement are worth
their weight in goldtheir weight in gold

26. Motivation through
strong relationships –
the foundation of
leadership.
(‘We’ principle)

27. Motivation through team
spirit and loyalty
Together we succeed. Together we succeed.
Team work is very important for Team work is very important for
success.success.
Corporate culture : Team work, Corporate culture : Team work,
Professionalism and caring Professionalism and caring

28. Motivation through
personal growth benefits
•Some people Some people
simply desire to simply desire to
grow or mature, grow or mature,
and are motivated and are motivated
by the benefits of by the benefits of
maturity.maturity.

29. Motivation through
pleasure or enjoyment
•When people When people
perform their perform their
favorite tasks they favorite tasks they
generally generally
experience natural experience natural
motivation motivation
because of because of
personal interestpersonal interest

30. Motivation by giving a break or
vacation
•The fact is that we all
sometimes need a break
to refresh and refocus
our minds on work and
to return with new
energy

31. THANK YOU