settlement tanting is a report of the rural village of tanting

This is a preport about tangting village in gandaki province of nepal

1. Riya Dangol (019-228) Samundra Rai (019-233) Shrutika Shakya (019-237) Swikriti Manandhar (019-244) Submitted By: Group D Kritika Budhathoki(019-215) Pranisha Karki (019-222) Priyasha Shah (019-224) Rhyshav Basnet (019-226) Submitted To: Prof. Deepak Pant Assoc. Prof. Krishna Pd Bhuju Assoc. Prof. Sankalp Pokharel Assoc. Prof. Ram Prasad Suwal

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION 1.1. Tangting Introduction 1.2. Background 1.3. Aims and Objectives 1.4. Scope and Limitation 1.5. R esearch and Methodology CHAPTER 2 DETAILS OF THE SURVEY 2.1 Building material 2.1.1 New Building Materials 2.1.2 New Building material Obtained all from Pokhara 2.1.3 Types of new material used 2.2 Building technology 2.2.1 Key Features of Gurung House Construction 2.2.2 Construction Techniques 2.2.3 Roof structure 2.3 Locally available materials 2.4 Comparative Analysis Measure Drawing Cluster Drawing

3. 1.1 . TANTING INTRODUCTION Tangting , a rising destination in Nepal’s rural tourism, is a picturesque village nestled in the Himalayas at an elevation of 1,665 meters above sea level. Recognized as one of the largest model trekking villages of the Gurung community, Tangting offers visitors an immersive experience of its rich traditional culture and distinctive vernacular architecture. Situated within the southern belt of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP), the village is located 21 kilometers northeast of Kaski, near the Kahu River in Pokhara. Administratively, it falls under Ward No. 2 of Madi Rural Municipality. Historically, the Gurung name for Tangting , Toni NASA, meaning “ Ramailo village,” reflects its scenic charm. The site, once a dense forest where frequent battles between wild boars occurred, has transformed into a thriving settlement with significant potential for economic and physical development, particularly through tourism. The village features stone-paved walkways connecting traditional Gurung homes, which exhibit distinct vernacular architectural characteristics. Gurung houses are typically built using locally available materials such as stone, timber, and mud mortar, ensuring harmony with the surrounding landscape. These structures are primarily single storied with an attic floor , with the ground floor often serving as the main living space , while the upper floor is used as storage and living space in some cases. The houses feature thick stone walls that provide insulation against the cold, and wooden lattice windows that facilitate ventilation and daylight penetration. The roofs are traditionally thatched or covered with slate stone, reflecting a sustainable approach to construction. Women in the community are often seen in traditional attire, engaging in handicraft production, while the communal layout of the village fosters a strong sense of social cohesion. Visitors can experience the local lifestyle through homestays in these traditional stone-built houses. Additional attractions include antique water-driven mills, terraced rice fields, an eco-museum, and a view tower offering breathtaking vistas of Annapurna II, Annapurna IV, Machhapuchhre (Fishtail), Dhaulagiri, and Lamjung Himal. With its blend of cultural heritage, vernacular architecture, and natural beauty, Tangting holds great promise as a sustainable rural tourism hub in Nepal. CHAPTER 1

4. 1.2. BACKGROUND Madi Rural Municipality, officially recognized in the Nepal Gazette on 27th Falgun, 2073, is a region of significant geographical and cultural importance. It is situated in the Kaski District of Nepal and spans an area of 563 square kilometers, constituting approximately 27% of the district’s total land area. The municipality is bordered by Lamjung District to the east, Pokhara Metropolitan Municipality and Machhapuchhre Rural Municipality to the west, Manang District to the north, and Rupa Rural Municipality to the south. The region's natural boundaries include the Rudi River to the east, the Bijaipur River to the west, the Annapurna Range to the north, and the Kholakholsi watersheds to the south. Madi is distinguished by its proximity to natural landmarks such as the Madi River, which sustains local communities, and the Kahphuche Glacial Lake, one of the lowest altitude glacial lakes in the Himalayas at 2,435 meters above sea level. Covering an area of 10.04 hectares, the lake holds approximately 18.86 million cubic meters of water, enhancing the environmental appeal of the region. Furthermore, Madi Rural Municipality is geographically significant as it lies at the central point of Nepal, marked by the intersection of latitude and longitude lines in the Kori area. Historically, the region has been home to the Kolasanthar Gurungs, an indigenous group that has inhabited the southern Annapurna range for generations. Their rich cultural heritage continues to thrive within the communities of Madi, offering visitors a glimpse into traditional Gurung customs and practices. Tanting , located in Ward No. 2 of Madi Rural Municipality, is a historic Gurung settlement along an ancient trade route to Tibet. Once a crucial trade center, the village has undergone a transformation into an emerging tourism hub in the Annapurna region. Known for its distinctive vernacular architecture and vibrant Gurung culture, Tanting presents a valuable case study for sustainable rural development. The village’s built environment, characterized by traditional stone-and-timber houses, narrow paved walkways, and communal open spaces, offers insights into indigenous building techniques adapted to the local climate and terrain. By studying the socio-economic, physical, and cultural aspects of Tanting , designers and planners can develop sustainable solutions that integrate local craftsmanship, natural materials, and environmental considerations while preserving the village’s cultural identity. With its blend of historical significance, vernacular architecture, and evolving tourism potential, Tanting serves as an exemplary model for rural heritage conservation and sustainable development within Madi Rural Municipality. CHAPTER 1

5. 1.3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Design studio field survey is the study based on the settlement of a place based on any particular or mix community. It assists student to gain proper building's data. There is an interaction with the people and with the surrounding whose actual necessity makes the difference in design. Hence this type of study thus helps to create design or space which includes all their needs. Thus we can say that this course helps to enhance observation and interaction as well as the analyzing skills of the students. The other objectives of this course are as follows: i . To study the historic evolution of the settlements. ii. To understand the traditional, vernacular architecture of Tangting . iii. To understand various problems and issues that the people of Tangting are facing. iv. To study the features of the settlement in Tangting . v. To learn about the local architecture, context and all other features. vi. To understand the features of the settlements. vii. To Identify the need and desire of people living in Tangting . viii. To understand about the sustainability of the buildings future potential. ix. To learn about building materials and building technology especially the local architecture and building technology. 1.4. SCOPE AND LIMITATION: After studying the settlements of place, we can easily point out the problems faced by the people of that settlement and find the solutions for them. There is other various scope of this project such as:- i . To analyze about the social activity of the place. ii. To know about the historical importance. iii. Our survey includes the study of the caste, religion, population status, occupation etc. iv. To know the deficiency in infrastructures and other factors of the village. CHAPTER 1

6. 1.5. RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY CHAPTER 1 DATA COLLECTION : The questionnaires were prepared before our trip to Tangting . It contains two sets; household survey and building survey. Both the survey questionnaires had respected questions which we students had to fill up by asking to the local people. 1.5.1. PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION i . Household Survey: Interviewing people was a good way of collecting required information during the initial stages of research project. It gives us the firsthand data which helped in our project analysis. Similarly, in this survey (field visit) household was done in order to explore people’s ideas and attitudes (number of members, occupation, religion etc.). It also included information about their education, employment and way of their living. The data is later presented in the chart. ii. Building survey: Building survey was the best way of understanding the architecture and construction of the building with the necessary material. In this survey, the condition of the building along with the various other aspects of its architecture was in detail surveyed. The questionnaires prepared included questions related to the date of house been constructed, materials used, functional plan and rough measurements. The sample of questionnaire used for the survey is attached in annex below. 1.5.2. SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION i . The secondary data collection was done through the internet resources. This helped to collect more information of the village about their culture, flora and fauna. DATA ANALYSIS: Further analysis was done with the help of collected data and information. This was done by exhibiting data entry of household survey and building survey in MS Excel. Then we interpreted the data in pie charts and bar graphs for graphical representation, the mapping was done in AutoCAD. RESULTS: As a part of the research process, the survey was carried out (household and building survey). All the questions were asked and filled in the questionnaires. Their answer gave us direct information about the past and present condition bout the settlement of Sikles . We also collected the data from other groups. The questionnaires were set into two sets.

7. 2.1 BUILDING MATERIALS 2.1.1 New Building Materials Building Material s are Obtained from the following places: Cluster A: Naudada Woods -Lekh Nauju and Chaya jungle Chaya jungle Pokhara Stone- Mardi khola Cluster B: W oods - Karpu dadha , S tone- Ghatey khola , S late- Taprang besi , Cement/ CGI sheets and AAC blocks -Pokhara Cluster C: M ud - suku hill W ood - Nau dadha , Chaiyo , Naulachi Dadha , Krapu Dadha S tone- Ghatey khola , Naju hills, Churo lake T amrang village (mine construction) S late- madi river , Taprang besi Pokhara for new construction materials Use of modern materials such as AAC blocks and CGI sheets for the construction of school. Cluster D: Stone- Ghatey khola Plaster- Yancha kot Woods - Fulobra , Kau pakha , Krapu dadha , Pakha Kuri , Chaiyo Dadha Stone- churo lake, Ghatey khola Slates - Taprang besi Pokhara for new construction material Cluster E: Stone- Ghatey khola , Teuri Khola Slate- Ghaprang Wood- Sinku ban Pokhara for new construction material CHAPTER 2

8. 2.1.2 New Building material Obtained all from Pokhara AAC blocks instead of stone (2’x 8’’x 9’’) CGI sheet instead of slate Cement plaster instead of mud plaster Insolated footing (eccentric footing ) instead of Stone foundation Framed structure with Column size 1’x 1’ Use of metal support in the roof instead of using wooden support Here is a detailed explanation of the building materials mentioned, in the context of the local climate of Tangting Village, Nepal. Tangting is a rural village in the Himalayan region, known for its cold winters, moderate rainfall, and a predominantly agrarian lifestyle Modern construction with 1’x1’ column and AAC blocks. 2.1.3 Types of new material used: 1. AAC Blocks (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) (2’x8’’x9’’): Lightweight, precast building material made from cement, lime, and other additives, aerated for insulation and lightness. 2. CGI Sheets (Corrugated Galvanized Iron) CGI Sheets: Lightweight roofing sheets made of galvanized iron. Resistant to corrosion due to galvanization, offering a longer lifespan in various weather conditions. 3. Cement Plaster: Cement Plaster: A mixture of cement, sand, and water applied for finishing walls. Provides smooth surface and protection from elements, which is both decorative and asthethic Use of AAC block with cement plaster and a wash of paint. CHAPTER 2

9. 2.1.4 Types of new material used : 4. Isolated Footing: concrete footing designed to bear individual column loads. These are shallow types of foundation that are used for smaller structures with less load. This type of foundations are used in framed structures. 5. Framed Structure: Structural system with reinforced concrete or steel columns and beams. The load are distributed from the slabs-beams-column-foundation. This allows for better distribution of load and provides strength and flexibility in planning , 6. Metal Roof Support: Steel or iron members used in roofing frameworks. 7 . Glass Pannels : Glass Pannels are used in window frames of the house to maximize the input of light. Glass be double or triple glazed to reduce heat loss and improve thermal comfort. Glass panels used in windows . Hollow metal pipes used as roof supports. . Isolated footing CHAPTER 2

10. 8. Sill and Lintel band: In most of the contemporary buildings in Tangting , the wooden frame in the window opening rests above the sill level. The sill level appears to be a flat section of the wall constructed with AAC blocks and finished with mortar or plaster. Purpose: Provides structural stability to the window frame. Prevents water ingress from windows Serves as a reference for further construction of the wall above. Traditional Construction of wall with stone masonary and mud motar Modern construction of wall with the use of AAC blocks and cement motar with sill and lintel band CHAPTER 2

11. Response to local Climate 1. Thermal Insulation for Cold Winters: Thick Walls: Concrete blocks and stone masonry are commonly used due to their thermal mass, which helps retain heat during cold nights. The structure primarily uses concrete and ACC blocks in contemporary buildings in Tangting , which have high thermal mass. This is beneficial in colder climates as they retain heat during the day and release it slowly at night, stabilizing indoor temperatures. The cost and construction period is less time consuming as well . The metal roof may not be the most effective in insulating against cold temperatures. Heat retention could be improved by adding an insulating layer below the metal sheets. 3 . Resistance to Precipitation: Sloped Roofs : Steep, sloped roofs made of CGI or slate are common to shed rain.  4 . Wind Resistance: Anchored Roofs : Roof structures are firmly anchored to the walls to resist strong winds. Compact settlement of tangting reduces wind resistance. CHAPTER 2

12. Material Advantages Disadvantages Suitability for Tangting AAC Blocks Lightweight, seismic resistance, thermal insulation Costlier, less traditional aesthetic, Requires external plaster for weatherproofing, less sustainable Good thermal insulation, making them suitable for cold climates .Resist temperature changes effectively. CGI Sheets Lightweight, durable, affordable, low maintenance, affordable Poor insulation, Loses architecture value, noisy in rain Quick, cost-effective roofing option Cement Plaster Durable, water-resistant, less maintenances Non-breathable, Loses Elasticity of traditional material such as mud, Less economical Long-lasting but modern finish Isolated Footing Stronger load distribution Costlier, skilled labor required Not sustainable, Looses traditional aesthetics like stone or mud plaster. Framed Structure Offers flexibility, Lighter structure Expensive, requires Skilled labour Not sustainable, Looses traditional aesthetics unless combined with local finishes like stone or mud plaster. Metal Roof Support Termite-proof, strong, less affected by moisture or pests. Poor insulation, susceptible to rust, poor thermal insulation Modern, durable option Summary Table: New Materials CHAPTER 2

13. 2.2. Locally available materials in tangting Wood •Types of Wood: 1.Chaap ( चाँप) This is a type of hardwood commonly used in construction and carpentry. It is durable and easily available in the village. It is also called Michelia or Champak (Magnolia species). 2. Kali Kath ( कालाे काठ) : Known for its strength and durability. It is widely used in heavy construction, beams, and furniture. 3. Uttis ( उत्तिस) : It is used for making furniture, doors, and temporary structures. It is obtained from Alder (Alnus nepalensis ) tree. Wood Components: Tham: Vertical support/pillar. Dalin : Horizontal beams. • Sources: Forest areas around Singu and Naujole Lek Krapu Danda Nau danda , Sinku ban CHAPTER 2

14. Stone Stones are used in foundations , walls. Slate stones are used as roofing materials Types of stones : Chhaune Dhunga (Slate Stones) Khat ko Dhunga (Local stones) Source: Ghatte khola, Madi khola Slate stones are obtained from Ghaprang , madi river , Taprang Besi . Mud: Mud ( Ghaise mato ) is used in Gurung homes for walls, plastering, roofing, and flooring. It offers insulation, sustainability, and is locally available, reflecting the community's cultural traditions. It is obtained from suku hill . CHAPTER 2

15. 2.3. Building Technology Tangting’s traditional construction techniques are deeply rooted in the architectural heritage of the Gurung community, utilizing locally available materials to create sustainable and climate-responsive structures. Houses are typically built using dry-stone masonry or mud-bonded stone masonry, where thick stone walls (14”-16”) provide excellent insulation against the cold. The foundations are shallow, often laid with stacked stones without cement or mortar, while wooden beams and pillars provide structural support. The roofs are traditionally made of overlapping slate tiles placed on wooden rafters, creating a sloped design that efficiently sheds rainwater. The internal layout follows a simple rectangular or square shape, with a central hearth that serves as both a cooking area and a heating source. The upper floor, when present, is used for grain storage or additional living space. Roof structures are supported by key wooden components like the Tee-Ku (ridge beam), Vyalsi (principal rafters), and Kui- Dho (king post), which ensure stability and effective load distribution. These traditional techniques emphasize the use of natural materials, making the buildings environmentally sustainable while preserving the village’s architectural identity. Modern Construction Technology in Tangting With advancements in construction materials and methods, modern technology is gradually being adopted in Tangting to improve durability, efficiency, and structural resilience. Instead of traditional stone masonry, contemporary buildings now use AAC (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) blocks, which are lightweight, strong, and provide better insulation. Foundations have shifted to isolated footing, a reinforced concrete base designed to support individual columns, allowing for a more stable and flexible structural framework. The introduction of framed structures with reinforced concrete columns and beams has enhanced the load-bearing capacity of new buildings. Roofs, previously made of slate, are now often covered with CGI (Corrugated Galvanized Iron) sheets, which are more durable and resistant to harsh weather conditions. Cement plaster is increasingly used instead of mud plaster for finishing walls, providing a smoother and more durable surface. Additionally, glass panels have been incorporated into windows to maximize natural light and improve thermal insulation. While modern technology has brought significant improvements in construction speed and structural strength, it also reflects a shift towards contemporary architecture, balancing the need for modernization with Tangting’s rich architectural heritage. 2.3.1 Key Features of Gurung House Construction Materials used: Stone: Used for walls, typically uncut or minimally shaped, sourced locally. Wood: Used for structural components like beams, door and window frames, and flooring. Clay/Mud: Used as mortar for stone walls and for plastering. Slate: Slate stones is used for roofing. Bamboo: Occasionally used for fencing or structural reinforcements. CHAPTER 2

16. Layout: CHAPTER 1 The houses in Tangting follow a simple yet functional layout that aligns with the traditional Gurung architectural style. These houses are generally rectangular or square in plan, designed to withstand the region's climate and provide a comfortable living environment. 1. Spatial Organization The central hearth is a key feature located in the living area, serving as both a cooking space and a heating source during cold seasons. Houses are usually two stories, with each level serving different functions: Ground Floor : The ground floor is the primary living space and features the central hearth as a core element. Located in the middle of the living area, serving as both a cooking and heating source. The space is generally open-plan, accommodating kitchen functions, dining, and sleeping. Upper Floor: Dedicated to grain storage and sleeping spaces, ensuring better insulation and security for food supplies. The elevation helps protect food supplies from moisture and pests. 2. Dimensional Aspects Typical dimensions of houses in Tangting are as follows: Length: Around 33 to 35 feet Width: Approximately 16 feet Wall Thickness: Normally 16 inches, providing excellent thermal insulation. 3. Structural Elements Walls: Built using stone masonry, either dry-stacked or mud-bonded, ensuring stability and longevity. Roof: Traditionally made of slate tiles, supported by wooden beams and rafters. Windows & Doors: Small openings to minimize heat loss and maintain a cozy indoor environment.

17. 2.3.2 Construction Techniques 1.Foundation:  The foundations of traditional Gurung houses in Tangting are typically shallow, laid directly on the ground. Stones are stacked without binding mortar or with a light mud mortar. This method is cost-effective and utilizes locally available materials. Modern Adaptation : In modern constructions, isolated footings (reinforced concrete bases) are increasingly used to support individual columns. This provides greater stability and flexibility, especially for framed structures. 2.Plinth level: The plinth level (the base of the structure above the ground) is usually raised to about 1 to 3 feet. This elevation helps protect the house from water ingress during the rainy season and provides additional insulation against the cold. 3. Sill level: 6” to 1’-6” 5. Lintel level: 3’ to 4’-6” 6.Walls: Dry Stone Masonry : In some traditional houses, stones are stacked carefully without the use of cement or mud binding. This technique relies on the careful selection and placement of stones to ensure stability. Mud-Bonded Stone Masonry : More commonly, stones are bonded using clay or mud mortar. This method provides better stability and insulation. The walls are typically thick, ranging from 14 to 16 inches, which helps retain heat during cold winters and keeps the interior cool in summer. Modern Adaptation : Contemporary buildings in Tangting are increasingly using AAC (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) blocks instead of traditional stone masonry. AAC blocks are lightweight, provide better insulation, and are easier to work with, reducing construction time. 7.Roof: Slate Roof: Overlapping slate tiles laid on wooden rafters. CGI sheet CHAPTER 2

18. 8. Woodwork: Wooden Beams and Pillars : Wooden beams and pillars are used for structural support, particularly in the roof and upper floors. Locally sourced timber, such as Chaap (Michelia or Champak), Kali Kath, and Uttis (Alder), is commonly used due to its strength and durability. Doors and Windows : Traditional houses feature small windows and doors to minimize heat loss. Wooden frames are often intricately carved, adding both aesthetic and functional value. Stairs and Ladders : Wooden ladders or stairs are used to connect different floors, especially in houses with attic spaces used for storage or additional living areas. 9.Flooring: Earthen floors are compacted and sometimes plastered with mud or dung for durability. Upper floors are often wooden planks supported by timber joists. CHAPTER 2

19. 2.3.3 Roof structure  The roofs of traditional Gurung houses are made of overlapping slate tiles laid on wooden rafters. The sloped design efficiently sheds rainwater, which is crucial in a region with moderate to heavy rainfall. Tee- ku (Balo) – Ridge Beam: It is positioned at the roof's peak, connecting the sloping rafters ( Vyalsi ) and transferring the roof's weight downward. Vyalsi – Principal Rafters: Sloping members extending from the Tee- ku to the Laa-saku (Wall Plate). These create the angled roof structure and transfer the roof load to the wall plate. Kui- dho ( Dhuri ) – King Post: It is a vertical member supporting the Tee- ku (Ridge Beam) and ensuring stability by anchoring it to the lower supporting structure. Laa-saku – Wall Plate: It acts as a transitional horizontal member between the roof structure and the wall, distributing the roof’s load evenly across the top of the wall. Bhata : These are rafters that support sloping roof panels. Purlins are also called bhata . CHAPTER 2

20. 3. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

21. 3.1 BUILDING CONDITION According to the survey conducted in Tangting , the overall condition of buildings in the settlement reveals that approximately 53% of the households are in good condition, 37% are in moderate condition, and the remaining 10% are in poor condition. When focusing specifically on Cluster D, the data shows a slightly different distribution: 50% of the buildings are in good condition, 40% are in moderate condition, and 10% are in poor condition. From this comparison, it is evident that the majority of buildings in both the overall settlement and Cluster D are in good condition. This can be attributed to the improved financial status of many households, largely due to the significant number of working-age individuals engaged in foreign employment. The remittances sent back by these workers have played a crucial role in uplifting the economic conditions of their families, enabling them to invest in the maintenance, renovation, and development of their homes. As a result, many households have been able to upgrade their buildings, ensuring they remain in good structural and functional condition. On the other hand, the 10% of buildings in poor condition across both the settlement and Cluster D are primarily associated with older citizens and abandoned houses. These buildings often lack proper maintenance due to the limited financial resources of elderly residents, who may no longer have the means or physical ability to upkeep their homes. Additionally, some of these poorly maintained houses belong to families who have migrated to other cities or abroad, leaving their properties unattended. Over time, these buildings have fallen into disrepair, further contributing to the percentage of structures in poor condition. The survey highlights the direct correlation between economic status and building conditions in Tangting . The influx of income from foreign employment has significantly improved the living standards of many households, allowing them to invest in better housing. However, the aging population and out-migration have left a small but notable portion of the settlement's buildings in a state of neglect. This disparity underscores the need for targeted interventions to support elderly residents and address the issue of abandoned properties, ensuring the overall development and sustainability of the village.

22. 3.2 BUILDING USE According to the survey conducted in Tangting , the settlement exhibits a balanced and diverse distribution of building uses, with residential buildings dominating at 67%, followed by commercial structures such as restaurants, shops, and homestays at 8%, which contribute significantly to local economic activity. Institutional buildings, including schools and hospitals, account for 5%, providing essential medical and educational services, while 5% of buildings are vacant, reflecting out-migration as residents seek better opportunities elsewhere. Additionally, 6% of buildings are mixed-use, combining residential and homestay functions, 7% are social buildings like ward offices and community spaces, and 2% are religious buildings. This distribution highlights the settlement's multifunctional character, where residential needs are balanced with commercial, institutional, and social infrastructure, fostering a vibrant and self-sustaining community. In contrast, Cluster D presents a markedly different pattern, with a heavy emphasis on residential use. Here, 79% of buildings are residential, indicating that the cluster is primarily a residential zone. Mixed-use buildings make up 17%, suggesting that some households have adapted their homes to include homestay functions, likely in response to the growing tourism industry. However, Cluster D lacks commercial, vacant, and religious buildings entirely, and institutional and social buildings are scarce, accounting for only 1% and 3%, respectively. This limited functional diversity suggests that Cluster D is less economically active and lacks essential services compared to the broader settlement. Residents may need to travel to other parts of Tangting for access to schools, healthcare, shopping, or community activities, which could pose challenges, particularly for elderly residents or those without reliable transportation. The absence of vacant buildings also indicates that out-migration may be less prevalent in this cluster, or that vacant properties have been repurposed. The disparity between the overall settlement and Cluster D underscores the need for targeted development in the latter to enhance its functional diversity. While Cluster D's strong residential character offers a quiet and authentic living environment, the lack of commercial, institutional, and social infrastructure limits its potential as a self-sustaining community. Addressing these gaps, particularly by increasing access to essential services and creating spaces for economic and social activities, could improve the quality of life for residents and contribute to the overall development of the cluster. Furthermore, the higher proportion of mixed-use buildings in Cluster D highlights its potential to cater to tourists, but the absence of commercial and religious structures may limit its appeal.

23. 3.3 MIGRATION According to the survey, whole village has around 73% of non –migration population which are permanently residing there.17% of the villagers are permanently migrated from the village and shifted in the near city and foreign countries while 10% of the population are occasionally visiting the village in tourist and festive seasons. Cluster 'D' has a higher Non- migration population (77%). Cluster 'D' has a rate of 17% of permanent migration where as 6% are temporary who visits the village seasonally . According to this data ,the percentage of people migrating outside Tangting is seen to be less but in reality the maximum population of the cluster are still residing in the village as most of the household owners are elderly people.

24. 3.4 OCCUPATION According to the survey, the primary occupation in the settlement is agriculture, accounting for 43% of the workforce, while in Cluster D, this figure is slightly higher at 48%. In both areas, livestock farming represents 15% of the occupations, highlighting its importance as a supplementary source of income and sustenance for many households. Beyond agriculture and livestock farming, 24% of the settlement's population is engaged in other occupations, compared to 21% in Cluster D. Within the "other occupations" category in Cluster D, a significant trend emerges: 32% of villagers depend on the income sent by their children, indicating a high rate of youth migration for work, often to urban centers or abroad. This reliance on remittances underscores the limited local economic opportunities in Cluster D. Additionally, business and construction each account for 25% of the "other occupations," reflecting some level of entrepreneurial activity and infrastructure development within the cluster. A smaller percentage (6%) of villagers are involved in teaching, traditional healing practices (witch doctors), or foreign employment, further diversifying the income sources in the area. Tourism plays a notable role as a secondary occupation, contributing 11% to the workforce in both the settlement and Cluster D. This reflects the growing importance of tourism in Tangting , particularly through homestays and cultural experiences. Trade accounts for 4% of occupations in both areas, serving as another supplementary income source. Meanwhile, the army represents a minor occupation, with 3% of the settlement's population and 1% in Cluster D engaged in military service. The survey analysis suggests that economic growth in Cluster D is relatively slow, with villagers relying on multiple income sources to sustain their livelihoods. The high dependence on remittances from migrated youth, coupled with the limited diversification of local economic activities, points to a need for greater investment in creating sustainable employment opportunities within the cluster. While tourism and small-scale business activities provide some economic support, the overall reliance on agriculture and external income sources highlights the challenges faced by Cluster D in achieving self-sustaining economic development

25. Architecture value based one: High: H igh architectural value are characterized by their traditional, vernacular design, which reflects the cultural heritage and craftsmanship of the Gurung community. These structures adhere closely to the vernacular architectural style, using locally sourced materials such as stone, timber, and mud mortar. They often feature intricate carvings, traditional wooden lattice windows, and other decorative details that highlight the cultural identity of the community. High-value buildings are considered culturally and historically significant, serving as exemplary models of traditional Gurung architecture. They contribute to the village's identity and are often key attractions for tourists seeking an authentic cultural experience. Moderate: Buildings with moderate architectural value are typically vernacular or hybrid structures that retain some traditional elements but may lack the intricate detailing of high-value buildings. These buildings often have simpler designs with fewer decorative elements, blending traditional and modern influences. Despite the lack of intricate details, they still maintain a traditional appearance, reflecting the architectural heritage of the Gurung community. Moderate-value buildings represent a transition between traditional and modern architecture, illustrating the adaptive nature of the community as it balances cultural preservation with contemporary needs. Low: Buildings with low architectural value are typically contemporary structures or traditional-style houses that deviate from the cultural and aesthetic qualities of traditional architecture. These buildings often feature modern construction techniques and materials, such as concrete blocks, CGI sheets, or cement plaster, which do not align with traditional practices. Low-value buildings may lack the decorative elements and traditional craftsmanship that define high- and moderate-value buildings, resulting in a loss of cultural identity. While they may serve functional purposes, they do not contribute significantly to the cultural or historical value of the village, highlighting the challenges of preserving traditional architecture in the face of modernization and economic constraints.

26. 3.4 ARCHITECTURE VALUE According to the survey, the architectural value of buildings in both the settlement and Cluster D reflects a mix of low, moderate, and high-value structures, though there are slight variations in their distribution. In the settlement, 36% of houses are classified as having low architectural value. These buildings are likely contemporary or vernacular designs with minimal decorative details and poor living conditions, reflecting either newer constructions or older structures that have not been well-maintained. Approximately 33% of houses fall into the moderate architectural value category, typically comprising vernacular or hybrid buildings. These structures often feature less intricate detailing and moderate living spaces, though some modifications in their layout and usage are evident, indicating a blend of traditional and modern influences. The remaining 31% of houses are considered to have high architectural value, primarily consisting of well-preserved vernacular buildings in very good condition, offering excellent livable spaces and showcasing the traditional craftsmanship of the Gurung community. In Cluster D, the distribution of architectural value is somewhat similar but with a slight variation. Here, 32% of houses are categorized as having low architectural value, while 33% fall into the moderate value category, mirroring the settlement's overall pattern. However, Cluster D has a marginally higher percentage of high-value buildings (35%) compared to the settlement. This suggests that Cluster D possesses a slightly better architectural quality overall, with a greater proportion of well-maintained, traditional vernacular buildings that retain their cultural and structural integrity. The key difference lies in the slightly higher concentration of high-value buildings in Cluster D, which may indicate better preservation of traditional architecture or a greater emphasis on maintaining the cultural heritage of the area. This could be attributed to factors such as the cluster's historical significance, the economic status of its residents, or a stronger community commitment to preserving traditional building practices. In contrast, the broader settlement shows a more balanced distribution, with a slightly higher percentage of low-value buildings, possibly due to the presence of newer or poorly maintained structures.

27. 3.5 BUILDING AGE According to the survey of building ages in the settlement and Cluster 'D' reveals a rich historical and architectural significance, particularly in the oldest buildings over 100 years old, which are concentrated at the cluster centers . In the settlement, 32% of households were built within the last 25 years, while 21% are over 100 years old. In Cluster 'D,' 29% were constructed in the last 25 years, and 26% are over 100 years old, with 19% of building ages unknown. Both areas show a gradual development over time, with buildings between 50-75 years making up a significant portion (27% in the settlement and 16% in Cluster 'D'). The presence of century-old buildings at the center highlights their historical importance and their role in shaping the surrounding urban fabric, providing insight into the cluster's historical evolution and the patterns of its population growth and settlement.

28. MEASURE DRAWING House no-193

29. CLUSTER DRAWING

30. House 157 House 148 House 143i House 143

31. Section at X-X

32. POSSIBLE PROJETS SEEN : Tourist Information Centre Commercial Home Home stay (Modified Residence ) Handicraft Production And Sales Workshop Place Ward Office Multipurpose Hall Bus park ii - toilet resting space and drinking water area Cultural museum

33. IMPORTANCE OF THIS POSSIBLE PROJECTS IN TANGTING The Tourist Information Center helps guide visitors, making their stay more engaging and informative. The Cultural Museum preserves and showcases local traditions, attracting cultural tourists. The Multipurpose Hall serves as a space for community meetings, workshops, and events, fostering local participation. The Bus Park II (Toilet, Resting Space, and Drinking Water Area) ensures accessibility and comfort for travelers, improving the overall tourism experience. Homestays promote sustainable tourism, preserve Gurung culture, and enhance local livelihoods by providing authentic rural experiences. Commercial homes support local entrepreneurship, enhance tourist accommodations, and contribute to economic growth while maintaining cultural authenticity. A Handicraft Production and Sales Workshop would preserve traditional Gurung craftsmanship, create employment opportunities, attract tourists, and promote sustainable local economic growth. The ward office plays a vital role in local governance, infrastructure development, public service delivery, and community planning, ensuring sustainable growth and efficient administration.

34. 1. Tourist Information Centre

35. 2. Commercial Home

36. 3. Home stay (Modified Residence )

37. 4. Handicraft Production And Sales Workshop Place

38. 5. Ward Office

39. 6. Multipurpose Hall

40. 7. Bus park ii - toilet resting space and drinking water area

41. 8. Cultural Museum