SETTLEMENT U.6.pptx A LEVEL GEOGRAPHYCAIE

SETTLEMENT A LEVEL GEOGRAPHY
CAIE
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A LEVEL
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1. SETTLEMENT

2. Settlement Rural-urban migration Urban-rural migration Counterurbanisation Rural growth/decline Urban growth Glossary of terms

3. Urbanisation Counter urbanisation Re-urbanisation Urban sprawl Rural-urban fringe Rural-urban continuum Urban renewal suburbanisation Cont..

4. Bid-rent theory Spatial competition PLVI (peak land value intersection) Functional zonation Urban structure CBD Cont..

5. Inner city Suburb Urban deprivation Residential segregation Multi-ethnicity Re-urbanisation Gentrification Cont..

6. Brownfield site Greenfield site Pedestrianisation Urban renewal Decentralisation Infrastructure Green belt New Town Cont..

7. Informal settlement Shanty town Squatter settlement Slums of despair Slums of hope Rural growth poles Cont..

8. A settlement  is just the name for an area where people live . they can be  urban  or  rural . Urban  = Refers to a built up area/ town or city Rural =  Refers to an area of countryside/ villages, hamlets or isolated houses  most settlement exist somewhere on a  rural-urban continuum.  This means that settlements will not always be simply urban or rural, but exist along a continuum.

9. Rural settlements are  changing  in both LEDCs and MEDCs (called settlement  dynamics ) Changes are due to -Migration (rural-urban and urban-rural) -Urban growth -Technological change -Rural planning policies -Government funding Changes in rural settlements

10. Most changes in rural areas in LEDCs are mainly due to rural to urban migration. See below for some of the positive and negative changes that have occurred. Change in rural areas in LEDCs

11. Changes in rural areas

12. The  rural idyll  is an idea that people have in their head of the perfect countryside area in an MEDC Rural society is perceived to be distinctly different from urban society E.g. – Close community, strong family ties, agricultural, less crime, peaceful This rural idyll is not as true now as it may once have been due to various changes affecting the countryside in MEDCs Changes in rural areas in MEDCs

13. Rural population has changed in character (gentrification) –  the countryside has been repopulated by middle class groups who took advantage of cheaper housing in the countryside in the 1960’s and 70’s and who now exert a strong influence over the areas they have moved to in terms of the types of services provided. The economy is  no longer dominated by agriculture and employment in agriculture reduced –  Although farmland takes up 73% of the land area of the UK, less than 2% of the workforce are now employed in agriculture! This is down from 6.1% in 1950. This is mainly due to the increase in mechanization on farms. Main changes in rural settlements in MEDCs (UK

14. Farm diversification-  As many farmers have struggled to make a living from traditional agricultural practices, a growing number have begun to diversify. This is where they create activities on their land to gain additional income  e.g. tourism and recreation such as rent out land for camping or have a farm visitor centre. Higher house prices and lack of affordable housing-  As richer middle classes have moved to rural areas, this has increased demand for housing and therefore the house prices have risen in some rural areas. This has meant some original families can no longer afford the housing.

15. Formation of metropolitan/suburbanised villages (due to counterurbanisation ) – As counterurbanisation has occurred with people moving out of cities to the countryside, there has been a growth of some villages around the city where people have moved to enjoy the rural areas but still be able to commute to work in the city. These larger villages are often called  suburbanised or metropolitan villages Rural depopulation – This was occurring in the past when people began to leave rural areas to move to the city, however this process is being reversed with the process of  counterurbanisation .

16.  Decline of rural services –  Services such as shops, healthcare and education have been declining in rural areas in MEDCs for a number of decades. This has had a massive impact on people in rural areas, particularly those without a car. They have begun to shut due to the increase in large supermarkets close to villages which those with a car can access so they no longer use village shops, and also due to new residents in rural areas still using services from the urban areas they came from. Reduction of public transport-  The increase in car ownership in recent decades has meant that public transport such as buses have reduced as less people were using it. However , this means people without a car have become isolated

17. CASE STUDY: The Isle of Purbeck, UK: Decline of a rural area in an MEDC

18. SOLUTIONS (PURBECK COMMUNINTY PARTNERSHIP )PCP

19. Urbanisation = The growth in the  proportion  of people living in towns or cities U rban growth – the growth of cities in size and population size URBAN SETTLEMENTS

20. Top ten cities by size in 1960 and 2008

21. Qsn How have the top ten largest cities in the world changed since 1960 ? [4]

22. The top ten cities have grown larger since the 1960’s. In 1960 the largest city was New York at 14.2 million  whereas  in 2008 it was Tokyo with 34.4 million. In 1960 there were 3 cities on the top ten list in the continent of Europe  whereas  in 2008 there were no cities from Europe on the top ten list In 2008 the number of Asian cities had  increased  on the list  from  3 in 1960  to  7 in 2008 The number of cities from LEDC countries has  increased Cont..

23. Some urban areas in MEDCs have become derelict and run down. To try to improve these areas, government have attempted  urban regeneration. Urban regeneration  is when you try to improve an urban area in decline with a mixture of urban redevelopment and urban renewal Urban redevelopment  is the complete clearance of existing buildings and site infrastructure and construction of new buildings, often for a different purpose, from scratch. Urban renewal   is keeping the best elements of the existing urban environment and adapting them to new usages. Regeneration of urban areas and gentrification

24. CASE STUDY OF URBAN REGENERATION: London Olympic Park in Newham, London

25. Newham was chosen as the location for the Olympic Park regeneration because it is, one of London’s most deprived areas. The hope was that the 2012 Games would leave a legacy of housing and sports facilities for people there. Newham has one of the largest proportions of population living in social housing which are overcrowded.  Before clearance in 2007, the area within the proposed Olympic Park had land that was  contaminated  from previous industrial pollution . The River Lea and its canals were polluted with chemicals and waste. Cont..

26. The Olympic Park  has been renamed the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park after the Games – and has become a fantastic new focal point for the capital.  The local community have a new world-class sporting venues to train and compete in. Visitors will enjoy the new parklands that will reconnect the communities surrounding the Park The Olympic and Paralympic Village are being converted into thousands of new homes for sale and rent, half of which will be affordable housing. There is also a new educational campus, a community health centre and new developments elsewhere within the Park, the Village – to be known as East Village – will form a whole new community in this part of east London. New transport connections and a brand new infrastructure of energy, water, telecommunications was built for the Games. In fact, 75p of every £1 the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) spent was an investment in the long-term transformation of the area. How did the Olympic Park being built in Newham help to regenerate it?

27. Gentrification  is the in-migration of people from higher socioeconomic groups into areas where the existing population is generally of a lower socio-economic group compared to the newcomers.

28. Why does gentrification happen in some areas of a city? – An area which was once a low -income area can become fashionable through gentrification normally because it has certain features which draw higher social groups towards it e.g. an attractive park, larger than average housing, close proximity to a railway station or the city centre

29. – House prices rise as demand rises for them – Many derelict or deteriorating housing is renovated – Trendier shops and restaurants open in the area – Working classes are displaced by middle classes as house prices become too high – Social housing is replaced by owner occupied housing An example of an area in which gentrification has occurred is Brooklyn in New York. What changes occur in an area due to gentrification?

30. – Lower classes feel pushed out by middle classes – House prices are too expensive for low income groups to afford – Often ethnic minorities in lower income groups are dispersed from the area and the area becomes “white middle class” What changes occur in an area due to gentrification?

31. What problems can gentrification cause? – Lower classes feel pushed out by middle classes – House prices are too expensive for low income groups to afford – Often ethnic minorities in lower income groups are dispersed from the area and the area becomes “white middle class”

32. A  settlement hierarchy  is a way of arranging  settlements  into a  hierarchy  based upon their population or some other criteria Hierarchy of settlements

33. A city which is greater than two times the next largest city in a nation (or contains over one-third of a nation's population). The primate city is usually very expressive of the national culture and often the capital city . They dominate the country in influence and are the national focal-point. Their sheer size and activity becomes a strong pull factor, bringing additional residents to the city and causing the primate city to become even larger and more disproportional to smaller cities in the country Primate city

34. EXAMPLES OF COUNTRIES WITH PRIMATE CITIES Paris (9.6 million) is definitely the focus of France while Marseilles has a population of 1.3 million. Similarly, the United Kingdom has London as its primate city (7 million) while the second largest city, Birmingham, is home to a mere one million people. Mexico City, Mexico (8.6 million) outshines Guadalajara (1.6 million). A huge dichotomy exists between Bangkok (7.5 million) and Thailand's second city, Nanthaburi (481,000).

35. EXAMPLES OF COUNTRIES THAT LACK PRIMATE CITIES India's most populous city is Mumbai (formerly Bombay) with 16 million; second is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) with more than 13 million; and third is less than 13 million. China, Canada, Australia, and Brazil are additional examples of non-primate-city countries. U.S . lacks a true primate city. With the New York City metropolitan area population at approximately 21 million, second ranked Los Angeles at 16 million, and even third ranked Chicago at 9 million, America lacks a primate city.

36. Global (World) Cities

37. “Alpha” cities are deemed to be the most important and have the most influence over the global economy, culture and politics. In 2008 there were only two Alpha ++ cities – London and New York After Alpha cities come various ranks of Gamma and then Beta cities. These levels are based on their business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, political engagement Africa is so far unrepresented on the Alpha list but Lagos, Cairo and Johannesburg may soon get there Other cities may decline in importance and fall off the alpha list Hierarchy of world cities

38. Every few years, cities are rated ranked by the  Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute . It is considered the leading institute ranking world cities. Cities are ranked into Alpha, Beta and Gamma cities by taking into account many factors; economic factors are deemed more important Alpha ++ world cities:   more integrated with the global economy than other cities e.g London ,  New York Alpha+ world cities:   complement London and New york by filling advanced services for the global economy e.g Hong Kong,  Paris , Singapore, Tokyo, Shanghai, Dubai, Sydney,  Beijing Hierarchy of world cities

39. Alpha and alpha world cities:   link major economic regions into the world economy e.g Milan ,  Toronto , Sao Paulo,  Madrid ,  Chicago , Mumbai,  Los Angeles ,  Moscow ,  ,  Mexico City,    Brussels  Miami, Seoul,  Dublin , Jakarta, Melbourne ,,   Zurich , New Delhi,  Munich ,  Boston ,   Vienna , Atlanta,  Barcelona , Bangkok,   Washington ,  San Francisco ,  Beta + world cities:   link moderate economic regions into the world of economy Dallas ,  Montreal ,  Rome ,  Manila , Houston,  Berlin ,  Athens ,  Bangalore ,  Caïro ,  Bucharest , Guangzhou, Lima, Cape Town,  Kiev , Luxembourg, Santiago,  Lisbon ,  Gamma level cities –link smaller economic regions into the world economy e.g Panama ,Casablanca

40. The changing structure of urban settlements

41. Where are these activities located and why? Their location in an urban area is dictated by factors Market forces (supply and demand for service) Government planning (policies ) #check hand out

42. Function  = what something is for Zonation  = the area it is found in So  Functional Zonation  = where set areas in an urban settlement have a set function e.g. Offices (function) are found in the centre of a city (zone ) There are  several models (diagrams)  of where different functions are found in a city. Remember they are just models (ideas) not always true to life! Functional Zonation in urban areas

43. Burgess- Concentric Zone Model Hoyt- Sector Model Harris and Ullmann - Multiple Nuclei Model Bid-rent-  Alonso’s theory Models of cities in LEDCs- Griffin and Fords Land use models

44. Business activity is in the central business district ( CBD ) as this is the point that most people have access to Around this is the “zone of transition” where you find older houses being converted in light industry and flats. In-migrants tend to be drawn to this zone for cheap housing As you move further out you would find area of better housing as people could afford to move out of the centre of the city High class residential is occupied by middle class with it newer and larger houses. Cont..

45. Business activity is still the central business district (CBD ) as this is the point that most people have access to Industry was noted to follow particular transport routes High class residential often develops  where there are distinct physical or social attractions (e.g. river) Low class residential was therefore confined to unfavourable locations (ugly, less transport links) Cont..

46. CBD still exists but not always at centre of settlement Low class residential housing tends to be in areas of cheaper land around industry (heavy and light) High class residential and medium class residential can afford to avoid living next to industrial areas so these are normally on a different side of the city to industry There are areas of development outside of the main settlement around new nuclei like out of town shopping centres. Cont..

47. CBD in centre as normal Industry starts in centre and develops out around transport and water routes Zone of maturity is where there is a mixture of old and newer housing occupied by middle classes High class  (elite) residential often develops in a spine out from the city centre Zone of in situ accretion is a wide range of housing but in the process of improvement e.g. government improvement projects Zone of squatter settlements is often on the most undesirable land at the periphery of a city Cont..

48. Key questions to consider….. What are the key features of a CBD? How are CBDs changing? The Central Business District

49. The CBD is the commercial core of an urban areas normally with the highest land values. In theory it is the most accessible area of a city, A high level of accessibility results in high land values and rents which in turn encourages vertical development. CBDs originally developed as market squares in ancient towns and villages where farmers met to sell and buy produce. Most CBDs have a core and a frame surrounding them.

50. The key features of a CBD core and frame

51. The part of the city where land values /rentals are highiest Nb the most sort part of the city Occupied by tallest buildings or most elit shopping malls There Distance decay =land prices decrease with distance from the PLVI The CBD has core (highest land values )and frame (immediately outside the core PLVI (peak land value intersection )

52. MOST EXPENSIVE LAND Tallest buildings Shortage of car parking High pedestrian density by day Dominated by business office space and retail Limited horizontal dvlp CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CORE

53. Wareshouses ,car parks and other services which support the core Transport terminals High density residential properties including apartments (multi storey level) Characteristics of the Frame

54. Dirty(pollution ) ,unsafe ,poor ageing infrastructure Too congested there not accessible as alleged Lack of coordinated development –emphasis on prestigious projects Increased personal mobility =allows p ple to shop elsewhere other than the CBD Out of town developments ,better and less congested Very expensive rentals Too far due to urban sprawl Why the CBD maybe undesirable

55. Pedestrianized zones have been made to make it easier and safer for shoppers to move from shop to shop Indoor shopping centres have increased to allow people to shop in comfort away from the variable weather conditions Public transport has often been coordinated to allow more consumers to enter the CBD Multi-story car parks have increased to allow more parking space Some areas of a CBD may decline and others may expand meaning a CBDs’ location can change from time to time Redevelopment of some areas of a city can mean the CBD moves also to a new area of redevelopment. How have CBDs changed over time

56. Case-study on a CBD

57. Residential segregation Residential segregation is where different groups of people live in different areas of a city or town. Different groups could refer to difference in ethnicities or income groups

58. A summary of London’s Residential Segregation The most intense deprivation is concentrated in the inner London boroughs, particularly in the East End Statistics to show this segregation Eight outer London Boroughs have 75% of people of more owning a car or van, whereas 8 inner London boroughs have less than 50% of people owning a car. In Tower Hamlets Inner London Borough in the East End only 29% of people own their houses whereas in Havering OUter London Borough 79% of people own their own houses In Hackeny Inner London Borough 5.7% of people are unemployed whereas in Sutton Outer London Borough 2% of people were unemployed

59. People with a high income have a wide choice of where to live . People tend to choose the best houses in the best locations they can afford, whereas people on low incomes have little choice. This results in large areas of poorer housing. People in certain ethnic groups tend of cluster together in areas sometimes called “ethnic villages ” Residential segregation can also be seen by age. People tend to move around a city throughout their life cycle , meaning that the inner city is sometimes younger than the outer city. Why does this segregation exist?

60. Squatter Settlements/ Shanty Towns/ Slums