Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx

The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana

1. Göktürk Mehmet Dilci (1),Ahmet Serkan Kabakcı (1), Öznur Sürek (1), Yücel Deniz Erdal (1) (1) Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı , Arama Daire Başkanlığı ([email protected]) 76. GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS OF TÜRKİYE The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye , Adana

2. PRESENTATION PLAN 06.12.2022 Türkiye Petrolleri A.O. 2 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 ÇUKUROVA FIELDS’ INTRODUCTION VIDEO AND LOCATION OF THE FIELD ORIGIN OF ADANA BASINS BASEMENT UNITS PETROLEUM SYSTEM ELEMENTS (SOURCE , RESERVOIR, SEAL) BASIN ANALYSIS – SOURCE ROCK MATURATION Chapter 5 MIGRATION, TRAP AND DRIVE MECHANISM Chapter 6 CONTRIBUTIONS - ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Chapter 7 REFERENCES

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4. Study Area and Geological Map of the Adana Basin Paleozoic Gondwana Units Mesozoic Neo-Tethys Units Cenozoic Birimleri MERSİN ADANA Ceyhan İmamoğlu Kozan

5. Şenalp M., Tetiker S., Şentürk M . 2020 The Origin of the Paleozoic Units of Cukurova Field ARABIAN PENINSULA SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA ÇUKUROVA FIELD -EASTERN TAURIDES Özgül B., Kozlu H., 2002 Abu-Ali M. etal ., 1999

6. Adana Basin’s Taurus Authochtonous ’ Gondwanan Roots 6 Carboniferous – Permian Transition Stampfli , G.M. (2000). The Cimmerian Terrane Blocks Ap : Apulia HT: Hellenides -Western Taurids Me: Menderes-Taurus

7. Stampfli , G.M ., Borel , G.D ( 2002) 7 Early Permian Adana Basin’s Taurus Authochtonous ’ Gondwanan Roots

8. Stampfli , G.M ., Borel , G.D ( 2002) 8 Late Permian Adana Basin’s Taurus Authochtonous ’ Gondwanan Roots

9. Stampfli , G.M ., Borel , G.D ( 2002) 9 Permo -Triassic Adana Basin’s Taurus Authochtonous ’ Gondwanan Roots

10. Stampfli , G.M ., Borel , G.D ( 2002) 10 Mid- Triassic Adana Basin’s Taurus Authochtonous ’ Gondwanan Roots

11. Stampfli , G.M ., Borel , G.D ( 2002) 11 Late-Mid Triassic Adana Basin’s Taurus Authochtonous ’ Gondwanan Roots

12. Stampfli , G.M ., Borel , G.D ( 2002) 12 Late Triassic Adana Basin’s Taurus Authochtonous ’ Gondwanan Roots

13. Stampfli , G.M ., Borel , G.D ( 2002) 13 Early Jurassic Adana Basin’s Taurus Authochtonous ’ Gondwanan Roots

14. Stampfli , G.M ., Borel , G.D ( 2002) 14 Mid Jurassic Adana Basin’s Taurus Authochtonous ’ Gondwanan Roots

15. Stampfli , G.M ., Borel , G.D ( 2002) 15 Late Jurassic Adana Basin’s Taurus Authochtonous ’ Gondwanan Roots

16. Stampfli , G.M ., Borel , G.D ( 2002) 16 Early Cretaceous Adana Basin’s Taurus Authochtonous ’ Gondwanan Roots

17. Stampfli , G.M ., Borel , G.D ( 2002) 17 Adana Basin’s Taurus Authochtonous ’ Gondwanan Roots Early Cretaceous

18. Stampfli , G.M ., Borel , G.D ( 2002) 18 Adana Basin’s Taurus Authochtonous ’ Gondwanan Roots Early Cretaceous

19. Study Area and Geological Map of the Adana Basin Paleozoic Gondwana Units Mesozoic Neo-Tethys Units Cenozoic Birimleri MERSİN ADANA Ceyhan İmamoğlu Kozan

20. Reservoir Rock Source Rock Cap Rock Cap Rock Çukurova Field’s Petroleum System Elements – Cap Rock At the base of the Adana Basin, carbonate units produced by the Neo-Tethys Ocean rising on the Positive Flower structures or horst shoulders are overlain by Middle-Late Miocene and Plio -Quaternary aged clastic units through onlap unconformity boundaries.

21. Forming the foundation of the Adana Basin and presenting mound-like forms in places, the core of these structures mainly consists of Paleozoic-aged units deposited in clastic lithology with high source rock potential. These units, belonging to the Gondwana Continent, include : Silurian-aged clastics containing high TOC 'hot shale‘ Carboniferous-aged laminated limestones Devonian-aged clastic levels rich in organic matter" In the uppermost sections of the structures, there are fracture-supported Mesozoic Carbonate Platforms (Jurassic-Cretaceous) and Eocene limestones , exhibiting reservoir characteristics with dual porosity, produced by the Neo-Tethys Ocean, ranging in age from Jurassic to Eocene (especially the Maastrichtian-aged Akdere Formation). 21 Çukurova Field’s Petroleum System Elements – Source Rock and Reservoir Rock

22. Adana Havzasının temelini oluşturan ve yer yer tümülüs (Mound) benzeri formlar sunan yapıların çekirdeğinde ç oğunlukla kırıntılı litolojide çökelen Paleozoik yaşlı kaynak kaya potansiyeli yüksek birimler bulunmaktadır . Gondwana Kıtası’na ait bu birimler ; Silüriyen yaşlı yüksek TOC içeren "hot shale" kırıntılıları Karbonifer yaşlı plaketli kireçtaşları Devoniyen yaşlı organik maddece zengin kırıntılı seviyeler 22 Çukurova Field’s Petroleum System Elements – Source Rock

23. Devonian Aged Gümüşali Formation’s Shaley Source Rock Levels 23

24. Late Devoni a n- Early Carboniferous Transition Facies , Naltaş Section 24

25. Carboniferous Aged Ziyarettepe Formation Platelet Limestone Source Rock Levels 25

26. 26 Carboniferous Aged Ziyarettepe Formation Platelet Limestone Source Rock Levels

27. 27 Carboniferous Aged Ziyarettepe Formation Mudstone Levels Düzağaç Section

28. Silürian Aged Puşçutepe Fm . ( Qusaiba Equivalent) Source Rock Intervals Koyu gri / siyah renkli , ince tabakalı , yapraklanmalı , graptolitli şeyl birimleri

29. Studies of basin analysis conducted in the basin indicate that the source rock levels of the Paleozoic succession of the Toros Autochthon, which underlies the Cukurova Structure, are found within the Mature Oil and Wet Gas windows. The observation of some wet gas accompanying the petroleum production in the Cukurova Basin is interpreted as corroborating data validating the basin analysis studies . 29 Basin Analysis Studies – Source Rock Maturation WET GAS PEAK MATURE MATURE EARLY MATURE IMMATURE

30. Fracture Supported Reservoir Quality of Adana Basin’s Mesozoic Limestones 30 In the shallowest sections of the Adana Basin's pre- miocene units, there are Mesozoic carbonate platform limestones showing fracture-supported dual porosity reservoir feature are present. Decreased primary porosity at different points in the structure results in increased water cut in production. Good Rezervoir Poor Rezervoir Fracture Presence

31. Mesozoik Paleozoyik Yükselimi Geç Miyosen Orta Erken Miyosen Episodic Charge and Vertical Migration Mechanism Pliyo-Kuvaterner The tectonic activities of faults controlling structures in the Adana Basin bring about hydraulic activity as well. (See Barton C.A., Zoback M.D., and Moos D., (1995) suggested "Critically Stressed Fault Hypothesis" and Morris et al. (1996) suggested "Slip Tendency Concept "). Episodically occurring seismic events on these faults occasionally cause petroleum migration into restricted clastic reservoirs within units such as the Plio -Quaternary aged Kuranşa Formation, which serves as the cap rock in the petroleum system . In the earthquake that occurred on June 27, 1998, with a magnitude of 6.2 in the town of Ceyhan, Adana Province, at a point on the Göksun Fault extending in the NE-SW direction ( Soysallı District of Ceyhan), after the earthquake, petroleum began to emerge from a well targeting Kuranşa Formation aquifers at a depth of 200 m, opened by local farmers ( Cengiz Buhur , Bahri Buhur , Orhan Buhur ). This occurrence of petroleum after the earthquake clearly demonstrates the relationship between episodic recharge and vertical migration mechanisms with the regional tectonic regime .

32. The Adana Basin is structurally controlled by strike-slip fault systems with Neogene-aged extensional and locally compressional components . Gürsoy , H. et.al. (2003) The earthquake focal mechanism solutions are derived from Kalafat [1998] and Ş aro ğ lu vd . [1992b].   Adana Basin Tectonic Faulting Regime – Strike Slip Faulting 32 The earthquake epicenters appearing on the regional seismotectonic map of the Adana Basin-Iskenderun Gulf area, GPS vectors, and some associated recent earthquake solutions .

33. The Adana Basin is structurally controlled by strike-slip fault systems with Neogene-aged extensional and locally compressional components . Over, S. vd. (2004)  33 Seismo -tectonic map and focal mechanisms of the shallow earthquakes in Adana Basin and its surroundings.

34. Mound-like structures akin to tumulus's in the basin are overlain by angular unconformities with clastic, mostly cap rock units ranging in age from Early-Middle Miocene to Pliocene-Recent . * Units in shale lithology, characterized by low cohesion, self-collapsing, incapable of withstanding fault and fracture walls, behave as cap rocks.". Kozlu , H. (1997) Structural High comprising Mesozoic & Paleozoic Units Plio-Quvaternary Late Miocene Early-Mid Miocene 34 Post-Miocene Generalised Stratigraphic Section of Adana Basin Çukurova Field’s Petroleum System Elements – Trap

35. 35 1 km Aktar M . et.al. ( 2000) Comments and Field Observations: During the examinations conducted on the Tumlu Structure, asphalt indications and Strike-slip Fault zone indicators were observed . It was observed that the direction angle between the location of the water well and the Tumlu Castle, which exhibits Positive Flower Structure, coincides with the direction of the Göksun Fault Zone, The increase in petroleum influx from the water well after the earthquake indicates that the petroleum migrated using the Fault Damage Zone from the basement, T he lack of petroleum production potential in the overlying units suggests the Toros Autochthon units as the only possible source. D espite the episodic activation of shallow faults, units characterized by low cohesion, self-collapsing, and incapable of withstanding fault and fracture walls behave as cap rock. Implementation of the Analogue Geological Model Created Based on Outcropped Tumlu Castle Hill to the Subsurface Structure ( Tumlu Castle Structure) (Oily Water Well)

36. 36 Comments and Field Observations: During the examinations conducted on the Tumlu Structure, asphalt indications and Strike-slip Fault zone indicators were observed . It was observed that the direction angle between the location of the water well and the Tumlu Castle, which exhibits Positive Flower Structure, coincides with the direction of the Göksun Fault Zone, The increase in petroleum influx from the water well after the earthquake indicates that the petroleum migrated using the Fault Damage Zone from the basement, T he lack of petroleum production potential in the overlying units suggests the Toros Autochthon units as the only possible source. D espite the episodic activation of shallow faults, units characterized by low cohesion, self-collapsing, and incapable of withstanding fault and fracture walls behave as cap rock. Implementation of the Analogue Geological Model Created Based on Outcropped Tumlu Castle Hill to the Subsurface Structure

37. 37 Structural High comprising Mesozoic & Paleozoic Units Late Miocene Early-Mid Miocene Plio -Quaternary Comments and Field Observations: During the examinations conducted on the Tumlu Structure, asphalt indications and Strike-slip Fault zone indicators were observed . It was observed that the direction angle between the location of the water well and the Tumlu Castle, which exhibits Positive Flower Structure, coincides with the direction of the Göksun Fault Zone, The increase in petroleum influx from the water well after the earthquake indicates that the petroleum migrated using the Fault Damage Zone from the basement, T he lack of petroleum production potential in the overlying units suggests the Toros Autochthon units as the only possible source. D espite the episodic activation of shallow faults, units characterized by low cohesion, self-collapsing, and incapable of withstanding fault and fracture walls behave as cap rock. Implementation of the Analogue Geological Model Created Based on Outcropped Tumlu Castle Hill to the Subsurface Structure

38. Structural High comprising Mesozoic & Paleozoic Units Late Miocene Early-Mid Miocene Petroleum production from structures with a total vertical depth below sea level of 210 meters, accessed by a 300-meter drilling in the Cukurova Oil Field, particularly in situations where the piezometric pressure level of the saline water/brine aquifer below the petroleum zone rises above the topographic elevation, indicating artesian conditions, has shown that petroleum would be highly productive and recoverable . Plio -Quaternary ~ 300 m ~500 m Water Driven Petroleum System Piezometric level of water aquifer below oil reservoir

39. Petroleum production from structures accessed by drilling to a total vertical depth below sea level of 210 meters and approximately 300 meters deep in the Cukurova Oil Field has revealed that shallow oil would be producible, particularly in artesian conditions where the piezometric pressure level of the saline formation water aquifer below the petroleum zone rises above the topographic elevation, in water-drive petroleum systems . 1200 varil/gün debi 39 PRODUCIBILITY OF SHALLOW OIL RESERVS

40. Depth should not be considered as a criterion for economic hydrocarbon presence. Even if a hydrocarbon reservoir is shallow, if it is bounded and driven by an aquifer with a pressure surface exceeding the topographic surface at depth, economic petroleum production can still be achieved from that reservoir, Even when found thinly above reservoirs, a cap rock with clay lithology, such as shale, which collapses upon and repairs the walls of fractures and faults developed within it due to its low cohesion, can ensure hydrocarbon preservation even in a structure dominated by active tectonism, Exploration strategies should be developed to understand the distribution of facies with high primary porosity in reservoirs with dual porosity , Pre-Permian basement units in the Adana Basin, along with the Arabian Platform, were deposited on the northern passive continental margin of the Gondwana Continent and exhibit similar characteristics in terms of the petroleum system. This view is supported by the discovery of the Cukurova Oil Field, Reports of hydrocarbon leaks made by citizens are highly valuable and should be carefully evaluated. 40 CONCLUSIONS

41. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 41 The Buhur Family - Mr. Cengiz Buhur , Mr. Orhan Buhur , Mr. Bahri Buhur , and their brothers, Residents of Soysallı District and District Headman Mr. İlkay Göçer , Engineers of TPAO Exploration-Research and Development-Production-Engineering Directorates , TPIC company tower engineer, drillers, and tower workers, TPAO Adıyaman Regional Directorate, Support Services, and Production Directorate staff, Mr . Mehmet Özkan , Owner of Özoil Company, We extend our heartfelt gratitude for their support and the efforts they have contributed.

42. REFERENCES Aktar M, Ergin M, Özalaybey S, Tapirdamaz C, Yörük A, Biçmen F (2000) A lower-crustal event in the northeastern Mediterranean: The 1998 Adana earthquake (Mw = 6.2) and its aftershocks. Geophysical Research Letters 27(16): 2361–2364 . Barton C.A., Zoback M.D., and Moos D., Fluid flow along potentially active faults in crystalline rocks, Geology, 1995, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 683-686. Demirtaşlı , E., 1967, Pınarbaşı-Sarız-Mağara ilçeleri arasındaki sahanın litostratigrafi birimleri ve petrol imkânları: MTA Rap., 3489 (yayımlanmamış), Ankara. G.M Stampfli , G.D Borel , A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons , Earth and Planetary Science Letters , Volume 196, Issues 1–2, 2002,Pages 17-33 Gérard M. Stampfli , 2000. " Tethyan oceans", Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area, Erdin Bozkurt, John A. Winchester, John D. A. Piper Gürsoy, Halil & Tatar, Orhan & Piper , John & Heimann , Ariel & Mesci , Levent. (2003). Neotectonic deformation linking the east Anatolian and Karataş-Osmaniye intracontinental transform fault zones in the Gulf of İskenderun, southern Turkey , deduced from paleomagnetic study of the Ceyhan-Osmaniye volcanics . Tectonics . 22. 10.1029/2003TC001524. Morris, Alan & Ferrill , David & Henderson, D. (1996). Slip-tendency analysis and fault reactivation. Geology. 24. 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0275:STAAFR> 2.3.CO;2. Over, S.,  Ozden , S., and Can Unlugenc , U. (2004), Late Cenozoic stress distribution along the Misis Range in the Anatolian, Arabian, and African plate intersection region, SE Turkey,  Tectonics , 23, TC3008, doi: 10.1029/2002TC001455 . Ö zgül N, K ozlu H . (2002). Kozan-Feke (Doğu Toroslar) yöresinin stratigrafisi ve yapısal konumu ile ilgili bulgular. TPJD Bülteni, 14(1), 1 - 36

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