ShyamPPT.pptx for Timeline of computer Subject- Basic computer

This is my Power point presentation for Basic computer

1. Subject Name: Basic Computer  Topi c: Timeline of Computer Student Name : Shyam Singh Department– BCA Sementer-1

2. WELCOME

3. WELCOME

4. 1834 1943 1946 1959 1965 1971 1980 2025 Future Introduction The evolution of computers can be traced through five distinct generations. Each generation was defined by major technological advancements in hardware and software, which made computers progressively faster, smaller, and more powerful.. Pre-Computer Devices Before electronic computers, early calculating devices like the abacus, invented around 2700 BC, and Pascal’s Calculator from 1652, helped shape the computation landscape. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, developed in 1834. First Generation (1946–1959) The first generation of computers relied on vacuum tubes for circuitry and memory. These machines were massive in size, produced heat, and were slow. They operated using machine language. Computers such as ENIAC, UNIVAC, and IBM-701typified this generation Second Generation (1959–1965) During the second generation, computers switched from vacuum tubes to transistors. Magnetic core was used as memory and magnetic tape or disks for storage. IBM 1620 and UNIVAC 1108 are some important examples of this era. Third Generation (1965–1971) The third generation of computers saw the adoption of integrated circuits, further reducing size and improving reliability. High-level programming languages such as BASIC, ALGOL, and FORTRAN IV gained popularity. Eg-IBM-360 series, PDP-8, and the Honeywell-6000 series. Fifth Generation (1980–Present) Fifth generation computers utilize Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology, artificial intelligence, and parallel processing capabilities. They are extremely fast, small, and cheap with high storage capacities, expert systems and programming languages like C++, Java, and .NET have flourished in this era. 2025 Onwards: The Future of Computers From 2025 onwards, computers are evolving beyond the fifth generation into an era defined by quantum computing, advanced artificial intelligence, and neuromorphic systems. Quantum computers, using qubits instead of traditional bits, promise exponential increases in computational speed and the ability to solve complex problems previously deemed impossible. Fourth Generation (1971–1980) Microprocessors with Very large scale Integration (VLSI) technology characterized the fourth generation. This era saw the introduction of personal computers (PCs), which were compact, affordable, portable. Internet emerged during this time, and high-level languages like C and C++ were developed.  Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Computers with Artificial Intelligence (AI) From the late 20th century onwards, computers have increasingly integrated artificial intelligence, allowing them to perform tasks that require human-like reasoning, learning, and decision-making. AI-powered computers can recognize speech, process natural language, analyze big data, and make predictions in real time. Modern applications include smart assistants (like Siri and Alexa), self-driving vehicles, and advanced robotics.

5. Introduction The evolution of computers can be traced through five distinct generations. Each generation was defined by major technological advancements in hardware and software, which made computers progressively faster, smaller, and more powerful.. Pre-Computer Devices Before electronic computers, early calculating devices like the abacus, invented around 2700 BC, and Pascal’s Calculator from 1652, helped shape the computation landscape. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, developed in 1834. First Generation (1946–1959) The first generation of computers relied on vacuum tubes for circuitry and memory. These machines were massive in size, produced heat, and were slow. They operated using machine language. Computers such as ENIAC, UNIVAC, and IBM-701typified this generation Second Generation (1959–1965) During the second generation, computers switched from vacuum tubes to transistors. Magnetic core was used as memory and magnetic tape or disks for storage. IBM 1620 and UNIVAC 1108 are some important examples of this era. Third Generation (1965–1971) The third generation of computers saw the adoption of integrated circuits, further reducing size and improving reliability. High-level programming languages such as BASIC, ALGOL, and FORTRAN IV gained popularity. Eg-IBM-360 series, PDP-8, and the Honeywell-6000 series. Fifth Generation (1980–Present) Fifth generation computers utilize Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology, artificial intelligence, and parallel processing capabilities. They are extremely fast, small, and cheap with high storage capacities, expert systems and programming languages like C++, Java, and .NET have flourished in this era. 2025 Onwards: The Future of Computers From 2025 onwards, computers are evolving beyond the fifth generation into an era defined by quantum computing, advanced artificial intelligence, and neuromorphic systems. Quantum computers, using qubits instead of traditional bits, promise exponential increases in computational speed and the ability to solve complex problems previously deemed impossible. Fourth Generation (1971–1980) Microprocessors with Very large scale Integration (VLSI) technology characterized the fourth generation. This era saw the introduction of personal computers (PCs), which were compact, affordable, portable. Internet emerged during this time, and high-level languages like C and C++ were developed.  Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Computers with Artificial Intelligence (AI) From the late 20th century onwards, computers have increasingly integrated artificial intelligence, allowing them to perform tasks that require human-like reasoning, learning, and decision-making. AI-powered computers can recognize speech, process natural language, analyze big data, and make predictions in real time. Modern applications include smart assistants (like Siri and Alexa), self-driving vehicles, and advanced robotics. 1834 1943 1946 1959 1965 1971 1980 2025 Future

6. Introduction The evolution of computers can be traced through five distinct generations. Each generation was defined by major technological advancements in hardware and software, which made computers progressively faster, smaller, and more powerful.. Pre-Computer Devices Before electronic computers, early calculating devices like the abacus, invented around 2700 BC, and Pascal’s Calculator from 1652, helped shape the computation landscape. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, developed in 1834. First Generation (1946–1959) The first generation of computers relied on vacuum tubes for circuitry and memory. These machines were massive in size, produced heat, and were slow. They operated using machine language. Computers such as ENIAC, UNIVAC, and IBM-701typified this generation Second Generation (1959–1965) During the second generation, computers switched from vacuum tubes to transistors. Magnetic core was used as memory and magnetic tape or disks for storage. IBM 1620 and UNIVAC 1108 are some important examples of this era. Third Generation (1965–1971) The third generation of computers saw the adoption of integrated circuits, further reducing size and improving reliability. High-level programming languages such as BASIC, ALGOL, and FORTRAN IV gained popularity. Eg-IBM-360 series, PDP-8, and the Honeywell-6000 series. Fifth Generation (1980–Present) Fifth generation computers utilize Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology, artificial intelligence, and parallel processing capabilities. They are extremely fast, small, and cheap with high storage capacities, expert systems and programming languages like C++, Java, and .NET have flourished in this era. 2025 Onwards: The Future of Computers From 2025 onwards, computers are evolving beyond the fifth generation into an era defined by quantum computing, advanced artificial intelligence, and neuromorphic systems. Quantum computers, using qubits instead of traditional bits, promise exponential increases in computational speed and the ability to solve complex problems previously deemed impossible. Fourth Generation (1971–1980) Microprocessors with Very large scale Integration (VLSI) technology characterized the fourth generation. This era saw the introduction of personal computers (PCs), which were compact, affordable, portable. Internet emerged during this time, and high-level languages like C and C++ were developed.  Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Computers with Artificial Intelligence (AI) From the late 20th century onwards, computers have increasingly integrated artificial intelligence, allowing them to perform tasks that require human-like reasoning, learning, and decision-making. AI-powered computers can recognize speech, process natural language, analyze big data, and make predictions in real time. Modern applications include smart assistants (like Siri and Alexa), self-driving vehicles, and advanced robotics. 1834 1943 1946 1959 1965 1971 1980 2025 Future

7. Introduction The evolution of computers can be traced through five distinct generations. Each generation was defined by major technological advancements in hardware and software, which made computers progressively faster, smaller, and more powerful.. Pre-Computer Devices Before electronic computers, early calculating devices like the abacus, invented around 2700 BC, and Pascal’s Calculator from 1652, helped shape the computation landscape. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, developed in 1834. First Generation (1946–1959) The first generation of computers relied on vacuum tubes for circuitry and memory. These machines were massive in size, produced heat, and were slow. They operated using machine language. Computers such as ENIAC, UNIVAC, and IBM-701typified this generation Second Generation (1959–1965) During the second generation, computers switched from vacuum tubes to transistors. Magnetic core was used as memory and magnetic tape or disks for storage. IBM 1620 and UNIVAC 1108 are some important examples of this era. Third Generation (1965–1971) The third generation of computers saw the adoption of integrated circuits, further reducing size and improving reliability. High-level programming languages such as BASIC, ALGOL, and FORTRAN IV gained popularity. Eg-IBM-360 series, PDP-8, and the Honeywell-6000 series. Fifth Generation (1980–Present) Fifth generation computers utilize Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology, artificial intelligence, and parallel processing capabilities. They are extremely fast, small, and cheap with high storage capacities, expert systems and programming languages like C++, Java, and .NET have flourished in this era. 2025 Onwards: The Future of Computers From 2025 onwards, computers are evolving beyond the fifth generation into an era defined by quantum computing, advanced artificial intelligence, and neuromorphic systems. Quantum computers, using qubits instead of traditional bits, promise exponential increases in computational speed and the ability to solve complex problems previously deemed impossible. Fourth Generation (1971–1980) Microprocessors with Very large scale Integration (VLSI) technology characterized the fourth generation. This era saw the introduction of personal computers (PCs), which were compact, affordable, portable. Internet emerged during this time, and high-level languages like C and C++ were developed.  Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Computers with Artificial Intelligence (AI) From the late 20th century onwards, computers have increasingly integrated artificial intelligence, allowing them to perform tasks that require human-like reasoning, learning, and decision-making. AI-powered computers can recognize speech, process natural language, analyze big data, and make predictions in real time. Modern applications include smart assistants (like Siri and Alexa), self-driving vehicles, and advanced robotics. 1834 1943 1946 1959 1965 1971 1980 2025 Future

8. Introduction The evolution of computers can be traced through five distinct generations. Each generation was defined by major technological advancements in hardware and software, which made computers progressively faster, smaller, and more powerful.. Pre-Computer Devices Before electronic computers, early calculating devices like the abacus, invented around 2700 BC, and Pascal’s Calculator from 1652, helped shape the computation landscape. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, developed in 1834. First Generation (1946–1959) The first generation of computers relied on vacuum tubes for circuitry and memory. These machines were massive in size, produced heat, and were slow. They operated using machine language. Computers such as ENIAC, UNIVAC, and IBM-701typified this generation Second Generation (1959–1965) During the second generation, computers switched from vacuum tubes to transistors. Magnetic core was used as memory and magnetic tape or disks for storage. IBM 1620 and UNIVAC 1108 are some important examples of this era. Third Generation (1965–1971) The third generation of computers saw the adoption of integrated circuits, further reducing size and improving reliability. High-level programming languages such as BASIC, ALGOL, and FORTRAN IV gained popularity. Eg-IBM-360 series, PDP-8, and the Honeywell-6000 series. Fifth Generation (1980–Present) Fifth generation computers utilize Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology, artificial intelligence, and parallel processing capabilities. They are extremely fast, small, and cheap with high storage capacities, expert systems and programming languages like C++, Java, and .NET have flourished in this era. 2025 Onwards: The Future of Computers From 2025 onwards, computers are evolving beyond the fifth generation into an era defined by quantum computing, advanced artificial intelligence, and neuromorphic systems. Quantum computers, using qubits instead of traditional bits, promise exponential increases in computational speed and the ability to solve complex problems previously deemed impossible. Fourth Generation (1971–1980) Microprocessors with Very large scale Integration (VLSI) technology characterized the fourth generation. This era saw the introduction of personal computers (PCs), which were compact, affordable, portable. Internet emerged during this time, and high-level languages like C and C++ were developed.  Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Computers with Artificial Intelligence (AI) From the late 20th century onwards, computers have increasingly integrated artificial intelligence, allowing them to perform tasks that require human-like reasoning, learning, and decision-making. AI-powered computers can recognize speech, process natural language, analyze big data, and make predictions in real time. Modern applications include smart assistants (like Siri and Alexa), self-driving vehicles, and advanced robotics. 1834 1943 1946 1959 1965 1971 1980 2025 Future

9. Introduction The evolution of computers can be traced through five distinct generations. Each generation was defined by major technological advancements in hardware and software, which made computers progressively faster, smaller, and more powerful.. Pre-Computer Devices Before electronic computers, early calculating devices like the abacus, invented around 2700 BC, and Pascal’s Calculator from 1652, helped shape the computation landscape. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, developed in 1834. First Generation (1946–1959) The first generation of computers relied on vacuum tubes for circuitry and memory. These machines were massive in size, produced heat, and were slow. They operated using machine language. Computers such as ENIAC, UNIVAC, and IBM-701typified this generation Second Generation (1959–1965) During the second generation, computers switched from vacuum tubes to transistors. Magnetic core was used as memory and magnetic tape or disks for storage. IBM 1620 and UNIVAC 1108 are some important examples of this era. Third Generation (1965–1971) The third generation of computers saw the adoption of integrated circuits, further reducing size and improving reliability. High-level programming languages such as BASIC, ALGOL, and FORTRAN IV gained popularity. Eg-IBM-360 series, PDP-8, and the Honeywell-6000 series. Fifth Generation (1980–Present) Fifth generation computers utilize Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology, artificial intelligence, and parallel processing capabilities. They are extremely fast, small, and cheap with high storage capacities, expert systems and programming languages like C++, Java, and .NET have flourished in this era. 2025 Onwards: The Future of Computers From 2025 onwards, computers are evolving beyond the fifth generation into an era defined by quantum computing, advanced artificial intelligence, and neuromorphic systems. Quantum computers, using qubits instead of traditional bits, promise exponential increases in computational speed and the ability to solve complex problems previously deemed impossible. Fourth Generation (1971–1980) Microprocessors with Very large scale Integration (VLSI) technology characterized the fourth generation. This era saw the introduction of personal computers (PCs), which were compact, affordable, portable. Internet emerged during this time, and high-level languages like C and C++ were developed.  Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Computers with Artificial Intelligence (AI) From the late 20th century onwards, computers have increasingly integrated artificial intelligence, allowing them to perform tasks that require human-like reasoning, learning, and decision-making. AI-powered computers can recognize speech, process natural language, analyze big data, and make predictions in real time. Modern applications include smart assistants (like Siri and Alexa), self-driving vehicles, and advanced robotics. 1834 1943 1946 1959 1965 1971 1980 2025 Future

10. Introduction The evolution of computers can be traced through five distinct generations. Each generation was defined by major technological advancements in hardware and software, which made computers progressively faster, smaller, and more powerful.. Pre-Computer Devices Before electronic computers, early calculating devices like the abacus, invented around 2700 BC, and Pascal’s Calculator from 1652, helped shape the computation landscape. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, developed in 1834. First Generation (1946–1959) The first generation of computers relied on vacuum tubes for circuitry and memory. These machines were massive in size, produced heat, and were slow. They operated using machine language. Computers such as ENIAC, UNIVAC, and IBM-701typified this generation Second Generation (1959–1965) During the second generation, computers switched from vacuum tubes to transistors. Magnetic core was used as memory and magnetic tape or disks for storage. IBM 1620 and UNIVAC 1108 are some important examples of this era. Third Generation (1965–1971) The third generation of computers saw the adoption of integrated circuits, further reducing size and improving reliability. High-level programming languages such as BASIC, ALGOL, and FORTRAN IV gained popularity. Eg-IBM-360 series, PDP-8, and the Honeywell-6000 series. Fifth Generation (1980–Present) Fifth generation computers utilize Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology, artificial intelligence, and parallel processing capabilities. They are extremely fast, small, and cheap with high storage capacities, expert systems and programming languages like C++, Java, and .NET have flourished in this era. 2025 Onwards: The Future of Computers From 2025 onwards, computers are evolving beyond the fifth generation into an era defined by quantum computing, advanced artificial intelligence, and neuromorphic systems. Quantum computers, using qubits instead of traditional bits, promise exponential increases in computational speed and the ability to solve complex problems previously deemed impossible. Fourth Generation (1971–1980) Microprocessors with Very large scale Integration (VLSI) technology characterized the fourth generation. This era saw the introduction of personal computers (PCs), which were compact, affordable, portable. Internet emerged during this time, and high-level languages like C and C++ were developed.  Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Computers with Artificial Intelligence (AI) From the late 20th century onwards, computers have increasingly integrated artificial intelligence, allowing them to perform tasks that require human-like reasoning, learning, and decision-making. AI-powered computers can recognize speech, process natural language, analyze big data, and make predictions in real time. Modern applications include smart assistants (like Siri and Alexa), self-driving vehicles, and advanced robotics. 1834 1943 1946 1959 1965 1971 1980 2025 Future

11. Introduction The evolution of computers can be traced through five distinct generations. Each generation was defined by major technological advancements in hardware and software, which made computers progressively faster, smaller, and more powerful.. Pre-Computer Devices Before electronic computers, early calculating devices like the abacus, invented around 2700 BC, and Pascal’s Calculator from 1652, helped shape the computation landscape. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, developed in 1834. First Generation (1946–1959) The first generation of computers relied on vacuum tubes for circuitry and memory. These machines were massive in size, produced heat, and were slow. They operated using machine language. Computers such as ENIAC, UNIVAC, and IBM-701typified this generation Second Generation (1959–1965) During the second generation, computers switched from vacuum tubes to transistors. Magnetic core was used as memory and magnetic tape or disks for storage. IBM 1620 and UNIVAC 1108 are some important examples of this era. Third Generation (1965–1971) The third generation of computers saw the adoption of integrated circuits, further reducing size and improving reliability. High-level programming languages such as BASIC, ALGOL, and FORTRAN IV gained popularity. Eg-IBM-360 series, PDP-8, and the Honeywell-6000 series. Fifth Generation (1980–Present) Fifth generation computers utilize Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology, artificial intelligence, and parallel processing capabilities. They are extremely fast, small, and cheap with high storage capacities, expert systems and programming languages like C++, Java, and .NET have flourished in this era. 2025 Onwards: The Future of Computers From 2025 onwards, computers are evolving beyond the fifth generation into an era defined by quantum computing, advanced artificial intelligence, and neuromorphic systems. Quantum computers, using qubits instead of traditional bits, promise exponential increases in computational speed and the ability to solve complex problems previously deemed impossible. Fourth Generation (1971–1980) Microprocessors with Very large scale Integration (VLSI) technology characterized the fourth generation. This era saw the introduction of personal computers (PCs), which were compact, affordable, portable. Internet emerged during this time, and high-level languages like C and C++ were developed.  Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Computers with Artificial Intelligence (AI) From the late 20th century onwards, computers have increasingly integrated artificial intelligence, allowing them to perform tasks that require human-like reasoning, learning, and decision-making. AI-powered computers can recognize speech, process natural language, analyze big data, and make predictions in real time. Modern applications include smart assistants (like Siri and Alexa), self-driving vehicles, and advanced robotics. 1834 1943 1946 1959 1965 1971 1980 2025 Future

12. Introduction The evolution of computers can be traced through five distinct generations. Each generation was defined by major technological advancements in hardware and software, which made computers progressively faster, smaller, and more powerful.. Pre-Computer Devices Before electronic computers, early calculating devices like the abacus, invented around 2700 BC, and Pascal’s Calculator from 1652, helped shape the computation landscape. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, developed in 1834. First Generation (1946–1959) The first generation of computers relied on vacuum tubes for circuitry and memory. These machines were massive in size, produced heat, and were slow. They operated using machine language. Computers such as ENIAC, UNIVAC, and IBM-701typified this generation Second Generation (1959–1965) During the second generation, computers switched from vacuum tubes to transistors. Magnetic core was used as memory and magnetic tape or disks for storage. IBM 1620 and UNIVAC 1108 are some important examples of this era. Third Generation (1965–1971) The third generation of computers saw the adoption of integrated circuits, further reducing size and improving reliability. High-level programming languages such as BASIC, ALGOL, and FORTRAN IV gained popularity. Eg-IBM-360 series, PDP-8, and the Honeywell-6000 series. Fifth Generation (1980–Present) Fifth generation computers utilize Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology, artificial intelligence, and parallel processing capabilities. They are extremely fast, small, and cheap with high storage capacities, expert systems and programming languages like C++, Java, and .NET have flourished in this era. 2025 Onwards: The Future of Computers From 2025 onwards, computers are evolving beyond the fifth generation into an era defined by quantum computing, advanced artificial intelligence, and neuromorphic systems. Quantum computers, using qubits instead of traditional bits, promise exponential increases in computational speed and the ability to solve complex problems previously deemed impossible. Fourth Generation (1971–1980) Microprocessors with Very large scale Integration (VLSI) technology characterized the fourth generation. This era saw the introduction of personal computers (PCs), which were compact, affordable, portable. Internet emerged during this time, and high-level languages like C and C++ were developed.  Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Computers with Artificial Intelligence (AI) From the late 20th century onwards, computers have increasingly integrated artificial intelligence, allowing them to perform tasks that require human-like reasoning, learning, and decision-making. AI-powered computers can recognize speech, process natural language, analyze big data, and make predictions in real time. Modern applications include smart assistants (like Siri and Alexa), self-driving vehicles, and advanced robotics. 1834 1943 1946 1959 1965 1971 1980 2025 Future

13. Introduction The evolution of computers can be traced through five distinct generations. Each generation was defined by major technological advancements in hardware and software, which made computers progressively faster, smaller, and more powerful.. Pre-Computer Devices Before electronic computers, early calculating devices like the abacus, invented around 2700 BC, and Pascal’s Calculator from 1652, helped shape the computation landscape. Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, developed in 1834. First Generation (1946–1959) The first generation of computers relied on vacuum tubes for circuitry and memory. These machines were massive in size, produced heat, and were slow. They operated using machine language. Computers such as ENIAC, UNIVAC, and IBM-701typified this generation Second Generation (1959–1965) During the second generation, computers switched from vacuum tubes to transistors. Magnetic core was used as memory and magnetic tape or disks for storage. IBM 1620 and UNIVAC 1108 are some important examples of this era. Third Generation (1965–1971) The third generation of computers saw the adoption of integrated circuits, further reducing size and improving reliability. High-level programming languages such as BASIC, ALGOL, and FORTRAN IV gained popularity. Eg-IBM-360 series, PDP-8, and the Honeywell-6000 series. Fifth Generation (1980–Present) Fifth generation computers utilize Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) technology, artificial intelligence, and parallel processing capabilities. They are extremely fast, small, and cheap with high storage capacities, expert systems and programming languages like C++, Java, and .NET have flourished in this era. 2025 Onwards: The Future of Computers From 2025 onwards, computers are evolving beyond the fifth generation into an era defined by quantum computing, advanced artificial intelligence, and neuromorphic systems. Quantum computers, using qubits instead of traditional bits, promise exponential increases in computational speed and the ability to solve complex problems previously deemed impossible. Fourth Generation (1971–1980) Microprocessors with Very large scale Integration (VLSI) technology characterized the fourth generation. This era saw the introduction of personal computers (PCs), which were compact, affordable, portable. Internet emerged during this time, and high-level languages like C and C++ were developed.  Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Impact of Computer Generations Each transition brought improvements in: Speed and efficiency Size and portability Cost and accessibility Software capabilities . Energy consumption and environmental impact. Connectivity and communication . Computers with Artificial Intelligence (AI) From the late 20th century onwards, computers have increasingly integrated artificial intelligence, allowing them to perform tasks that require human-like reasoning, learning, and decision-making. AI-powered computers can recognize speech, process natural language, analyze big data, and make predictions in real time. Modern applications include smart assistants (like Siri and Alexa), self-driving vehicles, and advanced robotics. 1834 1943 1946 1959 1965 1971 1980 2025 Future

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