siba cocaine its use in daily life s.pptx

Coin and its uses

1. CHEMISTRY OF COCAINE

2. C ONTENT INTRODUCTION CHEMICAL PROPERTIES SYNTHESIS OF COCAINE PHERMALOGICAL USES MECHANISM & METABOLISM DETECTION METHOD POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE USES REFERENCE

3. WHAT IS COCAINE? Cocaine (benzoyl-methyl- ecogine )(C17H21NO4) is a crystaline alkaloid prepared from the leave of the Erythoxyl on coca plant Cocaine is a bitter ,white , orderless,crystalline drug According to national institute of drug abuse(NIDA) cocaine is “a powerfully additive stimulant drug made from the leave of coca plant “

4. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of cocaine Cocaine is a alkaloid derived from the leaves coca plant Its chemical formula is C17 H21 NO4 Its iupac name is 8-Azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid, 3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-, methyl ester, (1R, 2R, 3S, 5S)- Cocaine is a hydroplatic molecule It has a melting point of 98°C and a boiling point of 187°C Cocaine is a weak base, and its pKa value is around 8.6 It acts as a local anesthetic by blocking the transport of sodium ions across cell membranes. The half-life of cocaine in the body is relatively short, ranging from 30 minutes to two hours. Chronic cocaine use can lead to significant changes in the brain, including decreased dopamine receptor availability, altered neural connectivity, and decreased gray matter . Molecular weight 303.17 g/mol

5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, SYNTHESIS, AND BIOSYNTHESIS : 1)- Cocaine is an alkaloid , and the first total synthesis of cocaine was achieved by Richard Martin Willstätter in 1901 which also secured the exact structure of the compound.44 Leading to this discovery, Willstätter prepared the tropane ring system in a lengthy synthesis involving a historic reaction for the time, a double bond dibromination to prime a cyclisation reaction.45 He carried out degradation studies on the product tropine, cocaine, and ecgonine to elucidate cocaine, and completed the first synthesis of cocaine starting from tropinone (2) (Scheme 1).44 Including the formation of tropinone , this synthesis would take an overall 17 steps. Willstätter earned the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1915 for exceptional achievements in organic synthesis; however, it was mostly for his contributions to chlorophyll chemistry rather than tropane syntheses.An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc.Object name is nihms971587f12.jpgScheme 1Wilstatter’s Total Synthesis of Cocaine. Conditions: ( i ) a. Na/EtOH, CO2; (ii) MeOH, H3O+; (iii) a. Na/Hg; (iv) Bz2O, D-tartaric acid chiral resolution.

6. 2)- Cocaine, the archetypal tropane alkaloid from the plant genus Erythroxylum , has recently been used clinically as a topical anesthesia of the mucous membranes. Despite this, the key biosynthetic step of the requisite tropane skeleton ( methylecgonone ) from the identified intermediate 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoic acid (MPOA) has remained, until this point, unknown. Herein, we identify two missing enzymes (EnCYP81AN15 and EnMT4) necessary for the biosynthesis of the tropane skeleton in cocaine by transient expression of the candidate genes in Nicotiana benthamiana . Cytochrome P450 EnCYP81AN15 was observed to selectively mediate the oxidative cyclization of SMPOA to yield the unstable intermediate ecgonone , which was then methylated to form optically active methylecgonone by methyltransferase EnMT4 in Erythroxylumnovogranatense . The establishment of this pathway corrects the long-standing (but incorrect) biosynthetic hypothesis of MPOA methylation first and oxidative cyclization second. Notably, the de novo reconstruction of cocaine was realized in N. benthamiana with the two newly identified genes, as well as four already known ones. This study not only reports a near-complete biosynthetic pathway of cocaine and provides new insights into the metabolic networks of tropane alkaloids (cocaine and hyoscyamine) in plants but also enables the heterologous synthesis of tropane alkaloids in other (micro)organisms, entailing significant implications for pharmaceutical production.

7. PHERMALOGICAL USES OF COCAINE Cocaine used by health care professional to temporarily numb the lining of mouth, nose,and thoat before some medical procedure it is an anethesthetic that work quickly about 1-2 minutes after application cocaine also causes blood vessels to narrow, an effect that can decrease bleeding and swelling from the procedure. It is also sometimes used in palliative care of terminally ill patient.

8. METABOLISM OF COCAINE Serum half life of 45-90 minutes Only 1% of the drug is recovered in urine after ingestion Cocaine can be detected in blood or urine only for several hours after its use Cocaine metabolites are detectable for 2-5 days Hair analysis provides a very sensitive marker for cocaine use within the preceding weeks to months

9. COCAINE DETECTION METHODE : Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS): This is a highly sensitive and specific method that can be used for confirmation of cocaine in biological samples. GC separates the components of a sample, while MS identifies each component based on its mass-to-charge ratio. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): This method is used to separate and quantify cocaine and its metabolites in biological samples. It involves the use of a stationary phase and a mobile phase to separate and elute the analytes of interest . Thin-layer chromatography (TLC): This is a simple and inexpensive method that can be used for screening of cocaine in drug seizures. It involves the use of a stationary phase and a mobile phase to separate and visualize the components of a sample. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy: This method can be used for the rapid and non-destructive analysis of cocaine in seized drug samples. FTIR spectroscopy measures the absorption of infrared light by the sample, which provides information about its molecular structure.

10. POSITIVE & NEGATIVE USES : Negative uses of cocaine include: Addiction: Cocaine is highly addictive and can lead to physical and psychological dependence with long-term use. Health risks: Cocaine can cause a range of health problems, including heart attacks, strokes, seizures, and respiratory failure. Social and personal problems: Cocaine use can lead to relationship problems, financial difficulties, and legal issues. Criminal activities: Cocaine use can be associated with criminal activities such as drug trafficking, theft, and violence. Positive uses of cocaine are limited and include: Medical purposes: Cocaine has been used medically as a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor in certain surgical procedures. Athletic performance: Cocaine use can increase alertness, focus, and energy, which may enhance athletic performance in some cases. However, this is illegal and unethical.

11. REFERENCE https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/cocaine/ what-cocaine National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) - Cocaine: https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugsabuse/cocaine https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/813959 -overview Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) - Cocaine: https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/cocaine Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) - Cocaine: https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/atod/cocaine https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ol048777a https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6197930/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Cocaine: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/opioids/cocaine.html World Health Organization (WHO) - Cocaine: https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/5.1_Cocaine.pd f