Side_Effects_and_ADRs and drug route administraton

B pharm 1sr year

1. Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions Pharmacy Overview

2. Introduction • Side effects = unintended effects at normal dose. • Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) = harmful, unintended responses. • Monitoring is essential for patient safety.

3. Side Effects • Mild, predictable, and often dose-dependent. • Examples: drowsiness with antihistamines, nausea with antibiotics. • Usually manageable and reversible.

4. Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) • More serious than side effects. • Can be unpredictable and life-threatening. • Examples: anaphylaxis from penicillin, liver toxicity from paracetamol overdose.

5. Types of ADRs • Type A: Augmented (dose-related, predictable). • Type B: Bizarre (unpredictable, not dose-related). • Type C: Chronic (long-term use). • Type D: Delayed (after prolonged exposure). • Type E: End of use (withdrawal). • Type F: Failure of therapy.

6. Risk Factors • Age (children, elderly). • Genetic factors. • Polypharmacy (multiple drugs). • Pre-existing diseases (liver, kidney).

7. Prevention and Management • Careful drug selection and dosing. • Monitoring and reporting ADRs. • Patient education on warning signs. • Use of pharmacovigilance programs.

8. Conclusion • Side effects are common and usually mild. • ADRs are more severe and require monitoring. • Pharmacovigilance ensures drug safety.