Significance of Ethics for Science and Research.pptx

The presentation provides information about the significance of Ethics in Science and Research for researchers and educators.

1. Ethics with respect to Science and Research Dr. E. Krishna Cahitanya Associate Professor Department of English, Central University of Kashmir

2. Research and its ten Ethical Principles (Common across Scientific Disciplines) They are duty to society; beneficence; conflict of interest; informed consent; integrity; non-discrimination ; non exploitation; privacy and confidentiality; professional competence; and professional discipline.

3. Research and Ethical Principles (Continued) Each ethical principle applies to the scientific inquiry, the conduct and behaviors of researchers, or the ethical treatment of research participants. Only one ethical principle — duty to society — applies to the scientific inquiry by asking whether the research benefits society. Variations in ethical principles across disciplines are usually due to whether the discipline includes human or animal subjects. Variations in ethical principles across countries are usually due to local laws, oversight, and enforcement; cultural norms; and whether research is conducted in the researchers' host country or a foreign country.

4. Ethics are created, change, and evolve due to the following factors: Significant historic events that create a reckoning Ethical lapses that lead researchers to create new safeguards Scientific advancements that lead to new fields of research Changes in cultural values and behavioral norms that evolve over time.

5. Mechanisms to Monitor and Enforce Research vary in Effectiveness and by Country Professional societies and peer-reviewed journals offer consistent ethical standards across national borders, though they lack the enforcement strength of nation-states . Emerging trends — including big data, open science, and citizen science — provide research opportunities while introducing new ethical risks. Professional societies respond to emerging changes with updates to codes of conduct, education and training for researchers, and governance structures for researchers, sponsors, and research subjects.

6. Ethics with Respect to Science and Research The following will be discussed: Intellectual Honesty and Research Integrity Scientific Misconducts : Falsification, Fabrication and Plagiarism ( FFP) Redundant Publications: Duplicate and Overlapping Publications , Salami S licing Selective Reporting and Misrepresentation of data.

7. Intellectual Honesty and Research Integrity Intellectual honesty in proposing, performing, and reporting research refers to honesty with respect to the meaning of one's research . R esearchers are expected present proposals and data honestly and communicate their best understanding of the work in writing and verbally . Researchers should present selected data from the work organized into frameworks that emphasize conceptual understanding rather than the chronology of the discovery process. Clear and accurate research records must underlie these descriptions Researchers must advocate their research conclusions in the face of collegial skepticism and must acknowledge errors. Intellectual property provisions and secrecy allow for patents and licensure and encourage private investment in research.

8. Intellectual Honesty and Research Integrity Intellectual property provisions and secrecy allow for patents and licensure and encourage private investment in research . Furthermore, even for publicly funded research, a degree of discretion may permit a research group to move ahead more efficiently. Conversely , an investigator who delays reporting important new findings risks having others publish similar results first and receiving little recognition for the discovery . Knowing when and how much to tell will always remain a challenge in scientific communication.

9. Integrity in Research The pursuit and dissemination of knowledge enjoy a place of distinction. public expects to reap considerable benefit from the creative and innovative contributions of scientists . Hence, it is more important than ever that individual scientists and their institutions periodically reassess the values and professional practices that guide their research. Integrity characterizes both individual researchers and the institutions. For individuals, it is an aspect of moral character and experience . For institutions, it is a matter of embracing standards of excellence, trustworthiness, and lawfulness that inform institutional practices.

10. These practices include: Intellectual honesty in proposing, performing, and reporting research Accuracy in representing contributions to research proposals and reports; Fairness in peer review; Collegiality in scientific interactions, including communications and sharing of resources ; Transparency in conflicts of interest or potential conflicts of interest; Protection of human subjects in the conduct of research; Humane care of animals in the conduct of research; and Adherence to the mutual responsibilities between investigators and their research teams.

11. Policies & Procedures to Foster Integrity provide leadership in support of responsible conduct of research; Encourage respect for everyone involved in the research enterprise; Promote productive interactions between trainees and mentors; Advocate adherence to the rules regarding all aspects of the conduct of research, especially research involving human subjects and animals; Anticipate , reveal, and manage individual and institutional conflicts of interest; Arrange timely and thorough inquiries and investigations of allegations of scientific misconduct and apply appropriate administrative sanctions; Offer educational opportunities pertaining to integrity in the conduct of research; and M onitor and evaluate the institutional environment supporting integrity in the conduct of research and use this knowledge for continuous quality improvement.

12. Scientific Misconducts : Falsification, Fabrication and Plagiarism (FFP) Publication Misconduct: Zero tolerance policy towards papers associated with publication misconduct . Also… 1.Plagiarism: Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's thoughts, ideas, data, figures, research methods, or words without giving appropriate credit, or the over-citation of another person's published work. 2 . Fabrication: Fabrication is the practice of making up data or results without having performed relevant research. 3 . Falsification: Falsification is the practice of changing data or results intentionally such that misleading conclusion is drawn.

13. REDUNDANT PUBLICATIONS Duplicate Publication: When you publish a new paper similar to published paper by another author or your own paper without acknowledging the source and without getting permission from the original author is called duplicate publication. Even if you change the title or abstract data and results remain same. It violates the copyright of paper. Researchers who study the paper get the results count as twice. Wastage of editorial views/reviews. Republication of same work unjustly for limited space and denies the others author right to publish a paper.

14. Do’s and Don’s of Duplicate Publication Do not replicate the contents from any other your published paper. Do not offer other preliminary reports about the published papers to any other company without the permission of the journal. When submitting your paper in any journal or any other editors provide copies of your published papers and related papers for complete transparency. When quoting data from your published paper, Include few sentences , place the text in quotations and marks then with cites and source.

15. Redundant Publications Salami Slicing Salami Slicing is the practice of fragmenting the single coherent bodies into as many as smaller publications as possible . An author breaks up the study into two or many slices of their work. A single research is divided into slices called as publication unit. Authors do it “to increase their publication count, to achieve career progression, to gain recognition, to get more funding, to achieve self-satisfaction.

16. Selective Reporting and Misrepresentation of Data . It is bias when results from scientific research are deliberately not fully or accurately reported, to suppress negative or undesirable findings . The result is that the findings are not reproducible, because they have been skewed by bias during the analysis or writing stages . Undermines the integrity of academic research . Contributor to the current ‘reproducibility crisis’ facing scientific publishing. Root cause of the current replicability crisis in biomedical sciences, in the social sciences.

17. Selective reporting bias can incorporate a number of other types of bias As Professor Bouter explains: Publication bias – where the results of negative clinical trials are not published or under published. Outcome reporting bias – where the results of negative clinical trials are cherry-picked or distorted to improve the overall findings Spin – communicating results in a way which amplifies positive findings or tones down negative findings. Citation bias – positive studies are more likely to be cited than negative studies Selective reporting bias, FFP, and other examples of research misconduct, all contribute to a culture of mistrust in science and academia. However, journal editors can play a role in helping change this perception, by upholding a culture of research integrity on their journals.