Single-subject Research / research study

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1. SINGLE-SUBJECT RESEARCH Naurah Nazhifah

2. Table of contents 01 04 02 03 Introduction to Single-subject Research Procedure Research Design Journal Analysis

3. 1. 4. 2. 3. Size limited to one or a small group Repeat measures are taken with + without treatment Participants are both control and treatment group Dv is plotted on Y axis and time is on X axis Single-subject Research 5. Best used with specific measurable behaviors 6. The baseline should be stable before intervention 7. Allows for flexibility in changing treatments

4. Single-subject Research Single-subject designs, or single-case designs, are research designs that use the results from a single participant or subject to establish the existence of cause-and-effect relationships. Although single-subject studies are experimental, it focuses on a single individual and allows a detailed description of the observations and experiences related to that unique individual. The single-subject approach typically involves a series of observations made over time. Usually, a set of observations made before treatment is contrasted with a set of observations made during or after treatment. In the terminology of single-subject research, the critical factor is the stability of the data.

5. Single-subject Research The results of a single-subject design do not provide researchers with a set of scores from a group of subjects that can be used to compute means and variances and conduct traditional tests for statistical significance. Instead, the presentation and interpretation of results from a single-subject research are based on visual inspection of a simple graph of the data. Because the results of a single-subject study do not involve any traditional statistical methods, researchers must rely on the visual inspection of a graph to convey the meaning of their results.

6. Single-subject Research A phase is a series of observations made under the same conditions. In the terminology of single-subject research, observations made in the absence of treatment are called baseline observations, and a series of baseline observations is called a baseline phase (A). Similarly, observations made during treatment are called treatment observations, and a series of treatment observations is called a treatment phase (B). The purpose of a phase within a single-subject experiment is to establish a clear picture of the participant’s behavior under the specific conditions that define the phase.

7. 1. 2. 3. Reliability through multiple measurements Opportunity for contrasting the data Stability in measurements (less than 5% variability) Before doing the treatment

8. Research Design The A-B-B1-A-BC-C design. This letter sequence indicates that the researcher first made a series of baseline observations, and then implemented a treatment (B) while continuing to make observations. Next, the researcher tried a modification of the treatment (perhaps treatment B was not effective), followed by withdrawal of all treatment (back to baseline). Then, the original treatment (B) was administered in combination with a new treatment (C), and finally, treatment C was administered by itself.

9. Phase [Level] One way to define a pattern within a phase is in terms of the level of behavior. The term level simply refers to the magnitude of the participant’s responses. If all of the observations within a phase indicate approximately the same magnitude, or level, of behavior, then the data have demonstrated a consistent or stable level of behavior within the phase.

10. Phase [Trend] An alternative way to define a pattern within a phase is in terms of a trend. The term trend refers to a consistent increase (or a consistent decrease) in the magnitude of behavior across the series of observations that make up the phase.

11. 1. 2. 3. wait and keep making observations look for patterns within the inconsistency average a set of two (or more) observations Dealing with unstable data

12. Phase Change The purpose of a phase change is to demonstrate that adding a treatment (or removing a treatment) produces a noticeable change in behavior. This goal is accomplished when the data show a clear difference between the pattern that exists before the phase change and the pattern that exists after the phase change. The decision to make a phase change is based on the participant’s responses. If the responses establish a clear pattern, then a change is appropriate. If the responses indicate a serious problem, then a change is necessary. In either case, the step-by-step progress of the experiment is controlled by the participant and does not necessarily follow a predetermined plan developed by the researcher

13. Visual Inspection Technique Change in average level. Although statistical means and variances are typically not computed for single-subject data, the average level of behavior during a phase provides a simple and understandable description of the behavior within the phase.

14. Visual Inspection Technique The immediate change in level. Another indicator of a difference between phases is the initial response of the participant to the change. This involves comparing the last data point in one phase with the first data point in the following phase.

15. Visual Inspection Technique Change in trend. When the trend observed in one phase is noticeably different from the trend in the previous phase, it is a clear indication of a difference between phases.

16. Visual Inspection Technique Latency of change. The most convincing evidence for a difference between phases occurs when the data show a large, immediate change in pattern. A delay between the time the phase is changed and the time behavior begins to change undermines the credibility of a cause-and-effect explanation.

17. Research Design: The ABAB design As the letters indicate, the ABAB design consists of four phases: a baseline phase (A), followed by treatment (B), then a return to baseline (A), and finally a repetition of the treatment phase (B). The goal of the ABAB design is to demonstrate that the treatment causes a change in behavior by showing that: 1. The pattern of behavior in each treatment phase is clearly different from the pattern in each baseline phase. This demonstration is necessary to establish a relationship between the treatment and the behavior. 2. The changes in behavior from baseline to treatment and from treatment to baseline are the same for each of the phase-change points in the experiment. This demonstration is necessary to establish a causal relationship between treatment and behavior.

18. The ABAB design The first phase change (baseline to treatment) shows a clear change in the pattern of behavior. The second phase change (treatment to baseline) shows the participant’s behavior returning to the same level observed during the initial baseline phase. The final phase change (baseline back to treatment) shows the same treatment effect that was observed in the initial phase change.

19. The ABAB design The graph shows results from an ABAB study in which the treatment clearly is not effective.

20. The limitation of ABAB design The credibility of this causal interpretation depends in large part on the reversal (return to baseline) that is a component of the design. Therefore, the ABAB design is not appropriate for evaluating treatments that are expected to have a permanent or long-lasting effect. Another concern is withdrawing treatment in the middle of the experiment can create some practical and ethical problems that can limit the application and success of this specific design.

21. Variations on the ABAB design

22. Multiple-baseline design The multiple-baseline design provides an alternative technique that eliminates the need for a return to baseline and therefore is particularly well suited for evaluating treatments with long-lasting or permanent effects. A multiple-baseline design requires only one phase change—from baseline to treatment—and establishes the credibility of the treatment effect by replicating the phase change for a second participant or for a second behavior. The key to this design is that the different behaviors are independent (one does not influence another) and can be treated separately by focusing a treatment on one behavior at a time.

23. Multiple-baseline design After a baseline pattern is established for both participants, the treatment phase is initiated for one participant only. Meanwhile, the baseline phase is continued for the second participant. Finally, the treatment phase is initiated for the second participant, but at a different time from that at which treatment is begun for the first participant.