Siwalik supergroup

siwalik supergroup

1. Govt. holkar science college indore TOPIC – Distribution, Stratigraphy & Fossil content of Siwalik Group Presented By - Suraj chourey Guided By – Dr. Vishnu Gadgil M.s C . I - sem

2. INTRODUCTION ORIGIN DISTRIBUTION OF SIWALIK GROUP STRATIGRAPHY OF SIWALIK GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF SIWALIK GROUP FOSSILS OF SIWALIK GROUP SIGNIFICANCE CONTENT :

3. O rigin :- The origin of Siwalik system is middle Miocene to lower Pleistocene with the uplift of sediment deposited in the Tethys due to northward compression , a depression, fore-deep type of topography is believed to have come into being which started receiving sedimentation from the mountains of north the Himalaya of that time. The `fore-deep` hypothesis has , however better structural evidence in support of the origin of the Si walik syst em.

4. Siwalik Hills

5. INTRODUCTION : Physiographic division of India divide into three parts : Peninsular India Indo G angetic Plan Extra Peninsular – Siwalik Group Siwalik Group :- The name S iwalik was originally given by Captain P.T. Cautley in the early nineteenth century to the outermost Sub-Himalayan Ranges. Under the Siwalik system are grouped rocks of low lying outermost hills of the Himalaya that had been deposited in shallow water conditions in the time from middle Miocene to lower Pleistocene in the geological history of this area. The Siwalik hills are relatively low and rarely exceed 1000m above mean sea level with conformable treads running parallel to the Himalaya.

6. DISTRIBUTION The Siwalik system extends from the Bramputra valley in the east to Bannu plains in Pakistan on the west. Manchar system in sind (Pakistan) Makran system of Blauchistan Irrawaly system in Barma In India (Jammu & Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh , Uttrakhand , West Bengal , Assam , Arunachal Pradesh )

7. Siwalik Group in India Jammu & Kashmir : - Complete development of Siwalik can be seen in Jammu hills. Himachal Pradesh : - Siwalik group in Himachal Himalaya form a parallel foothill belt along the southern margin between Ravi and Yamuna river. Uttrakhand : - Kalagarh basin West Bengal : - In the Terai region of the northern part of Jalpaiguri and Darjleeling district of West Bengal Assam : - Cachar hills Arunachal Pradesh : - Mishmi hills

8. Stratigraphy Lithology : - The Siwalik group is composed of 5000-6000m thick succession of sediment rock of fluviatile as lacustine nature. Sandstones are hard , compact , red colored in the lower Siwalik becoming greyish and softer in the middle levels and virtually becoming masses or loosely packed coarse sand with grits in the upper region. structure : - Rock of Siwalik system in folding and faulting indicating orosenic movement during and after their formation. Mainly thrust fault anticline and over fold are present .

9. Thrust fault

10. Sub-Division Stages Lithology Age Upper Siwlaik (2000-2500 m) Middle Siwlaik (2000-2500 m) Lower Siwalik (1650 m) Boulder Conglomerate Pinjor stage Tatrots stage Dhok Pathan Stage Nagri stage Chinji stage Kamlial stage Conglomerates, Loose sands, grits and clays Grits, sandstones , dirty white clays and conglomerates Soft sandstones , dirty ehile clays and conglomerates Brown sandstones , gravel beds , clays and shale's Massive compact and hard sandstones shales Red sandstones, intercalated red shales Hard red sandstones, purple shales Pseudoconglomerates Cromerian (1.5 to 0.5 m.y .) Villafranchian (2.47 m.y .) Astian (5.5 m.y .) Pontian (8.5 m.y .) Sarmatian (10.8 m.y .) Tortonian (14.3 m.y .) Helvetian ( 18.3 m.y . ) Classification

11. Fossils of Siwalik Most of the stages in Siwalik system are typically rich in mammalian fossils. Some important fossils genra Siwalik are mentioned below: Carnivora :- Crocuta , canis , lutra . Primates :- Brahmapithecus , macacus , simia , papio . Proboscidea : - Dinotherium , trilophodon . Equidae :- Hipparion Rhinoceratid :- Gaindatherium , aeratherium . Suidae :- Conohyus , sanitherium , tetraconodon . Giraffidae :- Hydaspitherium , vishnutherium Bovidae :- Cobus , bos ,bison , perimia .

12. Fossils are disarticulated in nature. Most durable parts are commonly preserved as fossils of vertebrates are their bones, teeth and footprints. A rich assemblage of fossil has been recovered from the Siwalik rock which has given this system a very important status in Indian stratigraphy . Most of the stages in Siwalik system are typically rich in mammalian fossils. Vertebrate Fossil : Introduction

13. Reptilians Persces Insectivara Ungulates Lagomorpha Rodentia Carnivara Primates Squamates : Lizard and Snake Tortoises Crocodiles Mammals Tetrapada Vertebrates Amphibians Birds Classification of vertebrates

14. Geo world heritage site of siwalik Himachal pradesh suketi fossil national park

15. MAMMUT

16. PETRIFIED WOOD

17. Significa NCE Evolution of different modern species. Useful for correlation purpose in continental region. Pale climatology, pale biogeography, & pale ecology. History and culture.

18. Reference Vaidyanadhan R. Geology of India volume-2. Kumar R. 2006 Fundamental of Historical Geology & stratigraphy of India. Internet ( sciencedirect.com , slideshare.net, archaeologydataservice.ac.uk, hellotravel.com, tripadvisor.com ) Jaitley , A.K Palaeontology & stratigraphy . Youtube :- https://youtu.be/8J2mWSR7RP0

19. THANK YOU