Sleep AP Psych

Sleep Day 1,2,3

1. Consciousness Consciousness Consciousness Deprivation Sleep Sleepwalking & Murder Drugs Psychoactive

2. Awareness of everything going on within ourselves and our surroundings onsciousness

3. Modern Levels of Consciousness Consciousness Selective Attention to information (Our Awareness) Process one thing at a time (Serial Processing) Preconscious Information you are NOT currently thinking about, but still can recall (memories) Unconscious Nonconscious activities such as Heart rate, Breathing, Blinking Information is hidden and repressed from memory. Only evident in our behaviors Process many things at once (Parallel Processing) 3

4. FREUD ’ S THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS 4 # 1 # 2 # 3 Hold up the number of fingers (1, 2, or 3) which best represents the preconscious mind.

5. Bodily Rhythms Circadian Rhythm & Biological Rhythms Sleep, Alertness, Body Temperature 24 Hour sleep/wake cycle & 90 minute sleep cycle Jet lag can mess with rhythms Bright light can reset our natural “ clock ” Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Pineal Gland and the hormone Melatonin 5 Did you know? If all light cues and clocks are hidden, we will adapt to a 25-hour day

6. Necessity of Sleep Circadian rhythm – 24 hour bodily rhythm Hypothalamus – tiny section of brain influences glandular system Suprachiasmatic nucleus –internal clock tells people wake up/fall asleep tells pineal gland secrete melatonin for sleepiness 4.2 Why do people need to sleep and how does it work?

7. Fun Fact: What is Sleep Onset? HYPNIC (hypnagogic) JERK - The feeling of falling as your body goes to sleep- Brain and body not in congruence. You may feel a twitch or “jump” similar to being startled. Happens during sleep onset ( nonREM sleep). 7

8. Section 1: Rhythms and Consciousness Reflect on Learning Goals Students should be able to answer the following: How do biological rhythms influence our daily functioning? 8 Good Understanding Little Understanding Fair Understanding

9. Section 1: Test Your Knowledge If a person spends time absent from sunlight cues and clocks, they will likely adopt a ____ hour schedule. (A) 23 (B) 24.5 (C) 25 (D) 27 Which level of consciousness controls parallel processing (processing several senses at once? (A) Overt Consciousness (B) Preconsciousness (C) Nonconsciousness (D) Basic Consciousness 9

10. Section 2: The Sleep Cycle Learning Goals Students should be able to answer the following: What is the biological rhythm of our sleep ? What is sleep’s function? 10

11. Theories of WHY W e Sleep Animals evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active Adaptive theory - theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active. Restorative theory - theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage.

12. Sleep: Restorative Theory

13. How do we measure sleep? Electro-encephalogram ( EEG- Brain Waves ) Electro- oculogram ( EOG-Eye ) Electro- myogram ( EMG-Muscles )

14. Sleep Cycle An EEG machine is most frequently used to measure stages of sleep. We pass through a cycle of five sleep stages that total about 90 minutes. As we lie awake and relaxed, before we sleep, our EEG shows relatively slow alpha waves.

15. Stages of Sleep: Pre-sleep Beta waves (smaller/faster) – person is wide awake and mentally active Alpha waves (larger/slower) – person is relaxed or lightly sleeping 4.3 What are the different stages of sleep?

16. Stages of Sleep: Non-REM Stage 1 (alpha to theta waves) – light sleep, hypnic jerk, hypnagogic images (usually experience once a night for a few minutes) Stage 2 – temperature, breathing and heart rate decrease; sleep spindles (theta waves) Stages 3 and 4 (theta to delta waves) – growth hormones released, hard to wake up After physical stress, people spend more time in non-REM sleep.

17. Stages 3 and 4 Slow wave sleep. You produce Delta waves. If awoken you will be very groggy. Vital for restoring body’s growth hormones and good overall health. From stage 4, your brain waves speed up again and you go to stage 3, then 2…. then REM

18. Stages of Sleep: REM After an emotionally stressful day, people spend more time in REM sleep. Rapid eye movement (REM) – eyes moving under eyelids, 90% of dreaming paradoxical sleep Infants form neural connections during REM 50% of sleep in REM

19. REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement Often called paradoxical sleep. Brain is very active. Dreams usually occur in REM. Body is essentially paralyzed. REM Rebound

20. SLEEP STAGES BY BRAIN WAVES: OVERVIEW Awake- Beta Waves Awake, but relaxed- Alpha waves NREM Stage 1 Hallucinations may take place Sleep Talking ( may occur in stages 1-4 ) NREM Stage 2 Sleep Spindles & K-Complexes NREM Stage 3 & 4 Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) Delta waves help replenish body chemicals Body repairs itself Sleepwalking and night terrors occur Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Most vivid dreams occur Mind Repairs itself 20

21. Stages of Sleep Through The Night

22. Necessity of Sleep Microsleeps - sleep lasting only a few seconds Sleep deprivation – sleep loss that impairs concentration and results in irritability, language impairment and lack of concentration. About 25% of adults report that they have fallen asleep while driving their car.

23. WHY WE NEED REM SLEEP Paradoxical Sleep : Your body is paralyzed, but your mind, hormones, heart and breathing are very active REM sleep increases the longer you sleep Babies spend about 50% of sleep time in REM You do not regulate your temperature during REM sleep REM Sleep is what helps us process daily events into memory & recharge our brains so we can think clearly. REM Rebound When you do not get enough REM sleep, the body dips into REM quicker upon sleeping 24

24. Section 2: The Sleep Cycle Reflect on Learning Goals Students should be able to answer the following: What is the biological rhythm of our sleep? What is sleep’s function? 25 Good Understanding Little Understanding Fair Understanding

25. Sleep Cycle Review ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: What type of brain waves do you have when you are awake, but relaxed? What happens to the brain waves during stage 2 sleep? What is another name for stage 3 and 4 sleep? Why is stage 3 and 4 sleep important? What is another name for REM sleep? What happens in REM sleep? How long is the sleep cycle? Why do babies need so much sleep? In a normal sleep cycle when does most of the deep sleep occur? What psychological phenomenon occurs if a person has been deprived of REM sleep, but then gets a good night’s sleep? 26

26. Section 3: Sleep Disorders and Dreams Learning Goals Students should be able to answer the following: How does sleep loss affect us? What do we dream and what is the function of dreaming? 27

27. ightmare Bad dreams arousing feelings of horror, helplessness, extreme sorrow, etc.

28. Common Sleep Disorders- Continued Night terrors - Sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions Occurs during stage 4 Mostly found in children Somnambulism - Sleepwalking During the first two hours of sleep in stages 3 & 4 Usually gone by age 40 May be caused by an immature nervous system 29 “ Wait! Don ’ t! It can be dangerous to wake them. ”

29. Common Sleep Disorders Insomnia - Having problems falling or staying asleep 10-15% of adults Becomes worse with sleeping pills and alcohol Causes: Stress, Depression, Anxiety, Health Problems Narcolepsy - Urge to fall asleep; may occur while talking or standing up 1 in 2000 people Cataplexy- the sudden loss of muscle tone Possible reason: flu virus during third trimester Sleep Apnea - Failure to breathe when asleep 1 in 20 people Mostly overweight men (snoring)- Can occur 400 times per night 30

30. Dreams Freud – dreams as wish fulfillment Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream ’ s manifest (apparent) content may also have symbolic meaning s ( latent content ) that signify our unacceptable feelings . 4.5 Why do people dream and what do they dream about? Contrary to popular myth, if you die as a character in your dream, you will not die in real life.

31. WHY DO WE DREAM? Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix a day ’ s experiences in our memories. Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity. Dreams make sense of this activity. Explains sudden visual images during REM 32

32. WHAT DO WE DREAM ABOUT? Negative Emotional Content 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content. Failure Dreams People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune. Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30. Dreams of Gender: Women dream of men and women equally; men dream more about men than women. 33

33. Section 3: Sleep Disorders and Dreams Reflect on Learning Goals Students should be able to answer the following: How does sleep loss affect us? What do we dream and what is the function of dreaming? 34 Good Understanding Little Understanding Fair Understanding